{"id":2152,"date":"2024-01-09T07:30:16","date_gmt":"2024-01-09T07:30:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hwf.org.pk\/?p=2152"},"modified":"2026-04-15T11:47:54","modified_gmt":"2026-04-15T11:47:54","slug":"rohtas-fort","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hwf.org.pk\/?p=2152","title":{"rendered":"Rohtas Fort"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Master Planning for the conservation of Rohtas Fort as per international standards has been made
possible by the co-operation and very valuable advice of all those who are involved in the
preservation and maintenance of this prestigious monument. The sheer number of these
individuals and specialist organizations who have contributed in one way or the other is
extensive. It is not possible to mention each one of them by name. M\/s UNICON Consulting
Services (Pvt.) Limited thanks all of them for their unfathomable co-operation, help and support.
Unicom Consulting Services however, feels that the contributions made by some of them were of
a magnitude where it would be unjust and unfair not to mention them by name. One such
individual is Mr. Saleem- ul-Haq, Director, Northern Circle, and Department of Archaeology &
Museums (DOAM) who took keen interest and made untiring efforts in arranging meetings with
the custodians Rohtas Fort and providing access to information & data at the DOAM. His office
also contributed in a significant manner by providing related information and other valuable
assistance.
The Consultants are also indebted to Mr. Maqsood A Malik, Department of Archaeology
& Museums, (DOAM) Lahore Fort who took exemplary interest in arranging meetings with the
Rohtas Fort site staff to arrive at a consensus for preparation of Master Plan based on his earlier
experience for Conservation Works at Rohtas.
We also thank Mr. Tanvir Ahmad, Engineer (DOAM) for providing technical assistance after a
comprehensive analysis of existing environmental conditions at Rohtas.
Thanks are also due to the architectural staff of DOAM, Northern Circle Photographer
Mr. Amjad, the librarian at the Shahi Qila library and other assistants who were instrumental in
identifying old pictures, documents and other relevant data.
Thanks are also due to UNICON team who worked tirelessly and endlessly in collection of data
from the Rohtas Fort, DOAM, HWF, Documentation Office UNESCO Norad
Project Lahore, and its further analysis in the Head office and subsequent development of the
Master Plan and conservation works of Rohtas Fort.
The Unicon Team has benefited tremendously through the experience of its team member who
worked with the team on the Master Plan of the Shahi Qila Lahore and Conservation and
Management Plan of Shalimar Gardens, supported by UNESCO Norad, between
2003- 2005. The two documents have been the source of the methodology used for the
Master Plan of the Rohtas fort
Thanks are also extended to all officers and staff of HWF at Rohtas Fort. Our very special
gratitude to Dr. Anis ur Rehman and Mr. Vaqar Zakriya of HWF for their very value cooperation
and input which has enabled UNICON to prepare this document.
At the end the UNICON team would like to thank Mr. Shahid Rana who typed and compiled this
report.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Executive Summary<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ROHTAS FORT MASTER PLAN
Executive Summary
The Rohtas Fort Master Plan provides a detailed and complete framework for
determining and implementing a coherent set of appropriate actions to preserve and
manage this World Heritage site. The aim of the Master Plan is to ensure that the cultural
heritage significance of Rohtas Fort is not compromised, and that the values for which
the monument was listed are not lost. It is intended to serve primarily as a working
document for those working on conservation efforts on the Fort. It also informs all levels
of government and concerned departments of their roles and responsibilities, as well as
providing a format for increased community and voluntary involvement in caring for the
site.
The report is divided into nine sections beginning with the first three identifying the need
& role of the Master document, its significance being a World Heritage Site followed by
a theoretical framework under which the UNICON Team has prepared the Master Plan.
The setting of the site is explained in the Historical Background and its condition as we
see it today. A detail visual conditio n survey was undertaken and has been presented as a
separate volume to the Master Plan Document. Based on the condition survey, the current
context and issues are discussed specifically under five headings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. Conservation Issues.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Management Issues.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. Monitoring & Maintenance issues.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. Environment & Physical Infrastructure issues.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  5. Visitation issues.
    Section 6 of the Master takes into consideration all the issues discussed in the previous
    section and presents a series of strategies to remove the obstacles and arrive at an action
    oriented Master Plan.
    Section 7 presents a series of actions designed to achieve the short and long term vision.
    The action plan is based on the correlation between the issues and strategies elaborated in
    the earlier two sections. The action plan is presented in the form tables keeping in view
    the priority of the action, the resources needed and the agents involved the
    implementation.
    A separate conservation priority listing on the basis of Priority 1 (Emergency) Priority 2
    stabilization, Priority 3 (Preventative Conservation) and Priority 4 (Conservation) for
    each portion of the Fortification Wall, the Gates, and structures is provided. This list will
    enable the allocation of funding by the implementers of the conservation works at Rohtas
    Fort.
    Implementation Mechanisms outline the term of the Master Plan, the process of
    implementation, the agents responsible and a format for review of the Master Plan. A set
    of Performance indicators is provided to review and measure progress in the longer term.
    The final section 9 provides a list of recommendation for further specialist studies that
    need to be undertaken within the term of the Master Plan to ensure preservation of this
    World Heritage Site, maintain its cultural significance & values for future generations.
    CONTENTS
    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
    EXECUTIVE SUMMARY<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  6. INTRODUCTION TO THE MASTER PLAN. 1
    1.1 Need and Role of the Master Plan 2<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  7. WORLD HERITAGE INSCRIPTION. 4
    2.1 Brief Background 5
    2.2 Legal and Regulatory Framework 6<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  8. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK & VISION. 7
    3.1 Vision of the Master Plan. 8
    3.2 Standards for Intervention 9
    3.3 Prioritization of Conservation Intervention 10
    4.0 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND EXISTING SITUATION. 12
    4.1 Location And Brief History 13
    4.2 Description 13
    4.3 Rohtas Town 14
    4.4 Environment And Surrounding Areas of Rohtas Fort 16
    4.5 Condition Survey 16
    4.6 Drainage 41
    4.7 Conservation Works 48
    4.8 Geological Conditions 49<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  9. ISSUES. 51
    5.1 Conservation Issues 52
    5.2 Site Management Issues 57
    5.3 Monitoring And Maintenance Issues 64
    5.4 Environmental & Physical Infrastructure Issues 66
    5.5 Site Visitation. 76<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  10. STRATEGY. 80
    6.1 Conservation Strategy 81
    Site Management Strategy 89
    6.3 Monitoring And Maintenance Systems 103
    6.4 Environmental And Physical Infrastructure Strategies 108
    6.5 Visitation Strategy
    ACTION PLAN. 120
    7.1 Introduction 121
    7.2 Correlation Between Issue And Proposed Strategy 122
    7.3 Action Plan \u2013 Priority Works. 125
    7.4 Action Plan Table. 125
    7.5 Conservation Priority Works. 134<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  11. IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISMS 137
    8.1 Goals 138
    8.2 Reviewing the Master Plan 141
    8.3 Performance Indicators for Reviewing
    Implementation of the Master Plan. 145<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  12. RECOMMENDATION FOR FURTHER SPECIALIST STUDIES. 149<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  13. REFERENCES.
    LIST OF TABLES.
    Table 5.1 Conservation Issues. 56
    Table 5.2 Management Issues. 63
    Table 5.3 Monitoring & Maintenance Issues. 65
    Table 5.4 Environmental & Physical Infrastructure Issues. 75<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Table 5.5 Site Visitation Issues. 79
    Table 6.1 Summary of the Documentation System. 87
    Table 7.2 Correlation Between Issues & Proposed Strategies. 123
    Table 7.3 Action Plan Conservation Strategy. 127
    Table 7.4 Action Plan Site Management Strategy. 128
    Table 7.5 Action Plan Monitoring And Maintenance Systems Strategy. 129
    Table 7.6 Action Plan Environment And Physical Infrastructure Strategy. 130
    Table 7.7 Action Plan Visitation Strategy. 132
    Table 7.8 Summary of Cost For Action Plan 133
    Table 7.9 Conservation Priority List. 135
    Table 8.1 Proposed Preliminary Performance Indicators. 145
    LIST OF MAPS:
    Map 1. Plan Between Sohail Gate & Sar Gate
    Plan Between Sar Gate & Tulla Mori 23
    Map 3. Plan between Tulla Mori & Wall Towards Gatayli Gate 24
    Map 4. Plan between Gatayli gate & Khawas Khani Gate 25
    Map 5. Plan between Khawas Khani & Kashmiri Gate. 26
    Map 6. Plan Between Khawas Khani Gate & Talaqi Gate 27
    Map 7. Plan Between Talaqi Gate, Langer Khani Gate & Shishi Gate 28
    Map 8. Plan Between Shishi Gate, Kabuli Gate, Badshahi
    Gate & Shahi Mosque 29
    Map 9. Plan Between Badshahi Gate, Shahi Mosque & Phansi Ghat 30
    Map 10. Plan Between Phansi Ghat & Sohail Gate 31
    Map 11. Plan Between Shah Chandwali Gate & Dividing Wall 32
    Map 12. Plan of Dividing Wall. 33
    Map 13. Existing Drainage Conditions. 45
    Map 14. Topographic Survey Plan of Rohtas Fort. 54
    Map 15. Survey Plan of Rohtas Town. 68
    Map 16. Site Visitation Routes. 119
    LIST OF FIGURES.
    Fig. 1.0 Schematic Diagram of Structure & Contents of the Master Plan. 3
    Fig. 6.1 Diagram Illustrating Conservation Action Priority. 83
    Fig. 6.2 Diagram Illustrating Proposed Flow of Conservation Action. 85
    Fig. 6.3 Diagram of Proposed Management Structure. 95
    Fig. 6.4 Diagram of The Proposed Diversified Funding Approach. 98
    Fig. 6.5 Diagram Showing Monitoring Needs. 106
    Fig. 8.1 Partner for Implementation of the Master Plan. 140
    Fig. 8.2 Proposed Review Program 144
    ANNEXURE:
    Standardized Formats for Documentation of The Shahi Qila
    Project.
    ACRONYMS
    DOAM: Department of Archaeology & Museum.
    NFCH: National Fund for Cultural Heritage.
    UNESCO: United Nation Educational, Scientific & Cultural Organization.
    ICOMOS: International Council on Monuments & Site.
    ICCROM: International Centre for Study of the Preservation of Cultural Property.
    MGWCHS: Management Guidelines for World Cultural Heritage Sites, Fieldin,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bernard and Jukka, Jokilehto, ICCROM Rome 1993.
    SOP: Standard Operating Procedure.
    PTDC: Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation.
    TDCP: Tourism Development Corporation of Punjab.
    SECTION \u2013 1
    INTRODUCTION TO THE MASTER PLAN
    MASTER PLAN FOR
    ROHTAS FORT
    1.1 Need and role of the Master Plan
    The Rohtas Fort is one of the six monuments of Pakistan inscribed on the
    World Heritage list in 1997. However, as per requirements of the UNESCO
    List of World Heritage sites the custodians of this location, namely the
    Department of Archaeology and Museums (DOAM), Government of
    Pakistan (GOP) have not been able to undertake appropriate maintenance,
    conservation or up-gradation befitting of such a monument. \u201cA management
    committee\u201d was established in 1996 and despite concerted efforts, lack of
    funding for the conservation and maintenance of works did not allow
    effective implementation to proceed. In 1999, the Governor of Punjab
    emphasized the preparation of a Master Plan by DOAM, however, this did
    not materialize again due to lack of funding. DOAM continued to prepare
    various schemes based on P-C1 formats, which were also not implemented. It
    was in 2005 that the Ministry of Culture requested DOAM to prepare a PC-1
    incorporating all the funding requests of the previous PC-I, calling it a
    master plan and approved a budget of Rs.163 Million for a period of five
    years
    In the year 2000 Himalayan Wildlife Foundation (HWF), a non-government
    organization approached the National Heritage Fund for Cultural Heritage with a
    proposal to conserve the Shah Chand Wali Gate. Since then they have been
    involved in a number of conservation and development works within the Rohtas
    Fort. These works, however have been piecemeal efforts and without any an
    overall strategy or prioritization.
    Realizing this the HWF initiated the development of a comprehensive Master
    Plan and Unicon Consulting Services (Pvt) Ltd were requested to undertake this
    task based on a technical proposal submitted by UNICON to HWF.
    The objective of the Master Plan is to prepare a document that will provide a
    detailed and holistic framework for decision-making as well as a set of
    appropriate actions for conservation and management of this World Heritage Site.
    The specific objectives of this document are.
    An assessment of the existing physical condition and the immediate
    environs.
    \uf03f\uf020To prioritize conservation action including identification of immediate and
    emergency actions, keeping principals of conservation & preservation
    charters in view.
    \uf03f\uf020To suggest an effective management monitoring and maintenance system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \uf03f\uf020To present a tourism management and visitation program to enhance
    visitor experience.
    \uf03f\uf020To upgrade the physical environment & infrastructure.
    A comprehensive Master Plan is required to ensure the preservation of this
    monument, maintain its cultural significance and provide its visitors an
    experience that will educate them and enhance their knowledge, ensuring that the
    cultural values for which the monument was listed as a World Heritage site is not
    compromised or lost.
    SECTION \u2013 2
    WORLD HERITAGE INSCRIPTION
    WORLD HERITAGE INSCRIPTION:
    2.1 Brief Background
    Rohtas Fort was inscribed on the World Heritage list in 1997. To be included in the
    World Heritage List sites must be of outstanding universal va lue and meet at least one out
    of ten selection criteria. It was inscribed on the basis of the selection criteria (ii) and (iv)
    considering that that Rohtas Fort is an exceptional example of Muslim military
    architecture of central and south Asia which blends architectural and artistic traditions
    from Turkey and the Indian sub continent to create the model for Mughal architecture and
    its subsequent refinements and adaptations. The selection criteria (ii) and (iv) read as
    follows:
    (ii) To exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or
    within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or
    technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design;
    (iv) To be an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land-use, or seause
    which is representative of a culture (or cultures), or human interaction with
    the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of
    irreversible change;\u201d
    The World Heritage inscription is an internationally recognized designation, which
    encourages national governments and site managers to ensure long -term protection
    of sites of global significance
    Statement of cultural significance
    The \u201cBurra Charter\u201d states that the aim of conservation is to retain the cultural
    significance of a place (Article 2.1) and that places of cultural significance should be
    safeguarded and not put at risk or left in a vulnerable state (Article 2.3). It is the
    responsibility of the state parties \u201cto maintain the authenticity, and in the case of
    World Heritage Sites, the cultural values for which the site was inscribed\u201d
    (Management Guidelines for World Cultural Heritage Sites (MGWCHS)).
    The objective of the Master Plan for the Rohtas Fort should focus on protection and
    maintenance of the physical features of the fort as well as to conserve the overall
    environment and settings of the site. All conservation treatment should incorporate
    detailed documentation of the original features, the interventions made and all
    conservation techniques should focus on a guaranteed protection of the authenticity of the
    site within the legal and regulatory framework.
    Legal and Regulatory Framework
    Rohtas Fort is a protected monument under the Federal Antiquities Act (1975)
    (Act VII of 1976). The act stipulates the following points, relevant to the World<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Heritage site:
    \uf03f\uf020The Federal Government will constitute an Advisory Committee (Clause
    3) for the Conservation of a World Heritage Site.
    \uf03f\uf020The Federal Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette,
    declare any antiquity to be a protected antiquity (Clause 10 (1)). There is
    also a requirement to fix a notification in a \u201cconspicuous place or near the
    antiquity\u201d for the information of the general public.
    \uf03f\uf020The Act is clear regarding the use that the protected monument or site may
    be put to. Clause 18 states that \u201cA protected immovable antiquity shall not
    be used for any purpose inconsistent with its character or for a purpose
    other than that directly related to its administration and preservation.\u201d
    \uf03f\uf020Clause 19 clearly stipulates the fine and punishment in case the \u2018antiquity\u2019
    is damaged or destroyed: \u201c No person shall, except for carrying out the
    purposes of this Act, destroy, break, damage, alter, injure, deface or
    mutilate or scribble, write or engage in any inscription or sign on, any
    antiquity or take manure from any protected antiquity\u201d. Infringement is
    punishable (19(2)) \u201cwith rigorous imprisonment for a term which may
    extend to three years, or with fine or with both.\u201d
    \uf03f\uf020Clause 22 requires that \u201cno development plan or scheme or new
    construction on, or within a distance of two hundred feet of a protected
    immovable antiquity shall be undertaken or executed except with the
    approval of the Director General.\u201d
    \uf03f\uf020Clause 23 (i) prohibits placing of \u201cany neon signs or other kinds of
    advertisement, including bill posting, commercial signs, poles or pylons,
    electricity or telephone cables and television aerials, on or near any
    protected immovable antiquity.\u201d
    SECTION \u2013 3
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK &VISION.
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK.
    3.1 Vision of the Master Plan.
    The Vision and Principals on which the Master Plan document has been
    approached theoretically is outlined below. This vision has to a large
    extent been drawn from the principles stated in various international
    charters and also that adopted in the Master Plan document for the Shahi
    Qila and the Shalimar Gardens, Lahore
    3.1.1. Maintaining the authenticity of the site.
    The single most important aim of conservation is to retain the cultural
    significance or authenticity of a place, the aesthetic, historic, scientific, social or
    spiritual value for past, present or future generations. Given that values can change in
    nature and perception, the assessment of values should be reviewed at stages, listing
    further values and broadening the focus for protection of all significant values.
    3.1.2. Safeguarding all original remnants as a priority.
    All interventions should be reversible and based on a strategy of minimum
    intervention. The original elements to be safeguarded include those accrued with the
    passage of time and changes in historical circumstances. These accumulated changes<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    have themselves become part of the historical character and material substance of the
    site. \u201cThis material substance represents the intrinsic values of the cultural resource; it
    is the bearer of historical testimonies and of associated cultural values, both past and
    present (MGWCHS)\u201d.
    The importance of retaining original fabric and its inherent values was recognized
    by John Marshall, whose Conservation Manual written in 1923 has served as the
    main reference for DOAM:
    \u201cAlthough there are many ancient buildings whose state of repair suggests at first
    sight a renewal, it should never be forgotten that their historical value is gone
    when their authenticity is destroyed, and that our first duty is not to renew them
    but to preserve them. Broken or half decayed original work is of infinitely more
    value than the smartest and most perfect new work\u201d. (Marshal 1923: 9-10)
    3.1.3. All decision making based on full documentation and research.
    The Master Plan has taken the following statements from the \u201cDraft Hoi An
    Protocols\u201d to reflect the pivotal importance of research and detailed documentation
    for the conservation process:
    conservation plan should only be taken after extensive research, expert discussion
    and weighing of conservation options. Intervention should be the minimum
    required to ensure the preservation of the heritage values and the authenticity of a
    monument or building\u201d.
    3.1.4. Conservation & Management Planning must be Sustainable.
    All programs and action plans addressing the protection and maintenance of Rohtas Fort must be sustainable. This means
    that decisions are made on the basis of up to date, reliable and usable information and that all actions are at best reversible,
    or at least the minimal needed, \u201cchanging as much as necessary but as little as possible\u201d (Burra Charter) and fully
    documented. Programming should be designed in such a way that it can continue along clearly defined paths, following
    well designed and focused methodologies, regardless of changes in staffing or administration at the site.
    3.1.5. Tourism should support conservation and conservation should meet Tourism
    Needs.
    All tourism efforts should include adequate controls to prevent the intrusive and
    destructive impacts of tourism. Tourism activity should not undermine the
    authenticity and integrity of the historic structure. All earnings from tourism
    should be directed towards maintenance of the cultural assets and the
    communities on which tourism is based.
    3.2 Standards for Intervention
    The reason for selecting one level of intervention over others depends upon a
    number of factors, including the nature and heritage value of the building or site,
    the goals of the conservation project, the scale of the resource being conserved
    and the financial and human resources available.
    Most heritage conservation projects, by necessity, involve a combination of
    approaches rather than isolated interventions. Within a project that seeks to return
    a building to an earlier appearance (restoration\u2019), it may be necessary to reinforce historic structural elements (consolidation), upgrade entrances \/ exits, and services (<\/code>rehabilitation\u2019), and perhaps to dismantle a section in order to replace intrusive
    elements and to support historic portions (`reassembly\u2019).
    The most critical stage in the conservation process is deciding which one or more
    approaches to adopt. This decision determines the extent to which the integrity of
    the historic fabric is retained. The preferred levels of intervention are always
    those which show full respect for historic fabric, maintaining and supporting
    existing fabric with a minimum of modern addition. Actions falling into the<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    second level of intervention, those which exhibit only moderate respect for
    original material, should only be employed in rare situations and with detailed
    justification. Actions showing little respect for historical fabric should be avoided
    whatever the circumstances.
    Efforts must be made to ensure the following:
    \uf03f\uf020That an assessment of appropriate level(s) of conservation be
    carried out in advance of any conservation decision making;
    \uf03f\uf020The assessment should be based on authentic information and full
    documentation;
    \uf03f\uf020International standards and guidelines for conservation must be
    followed.
    \uf03f\uf020All decisions should include reference to these standards and
    should be made after full discussion between the custodians of the
    site, the Project Management Team and the Technical Committee.
    \uf03f\uf020All decisions should be made available for public comment and
    debate.
    3.3 Prioritization of Conservation
    Interventions
    There is a need for setting of priorities for conservation action in order to ensure
    efficient and effective investment of time and money. Work should be carried out
    on the basis of need as assessed by analysis of the severity of the conservation
    situation. As stated in the Management Guidelines for World Cultural Heritage
    Sites (MGWCHS), \u201cthe inevitable contradictions of the planning process should
    be resolved first by examining the implications of all viable alternatives, and then
    by deciding which is least harmful to the significance of the heritage site\u201d.
    Severity can be assessed as the relative relationship between inherent
    significance in relation to current physical condition and the nature and
    extent of threats. The data needed to carry out this measurement includes
    statement of significance for individual built elements, regular monitoring
    reports and expert assessment.
    3.3.1 Conservation Situations
    Conservation Situations can be categorized as:
    a. Critical and in need of Emergency and \/ or Stabilization Action:
    Element(s) of high cultural significance in poor condition which are
    rapidly worsening and there is an imminent danger of loss of those
    qualities \/ features which are the basis of significance. Immediate action is
    required which will substantially improve the situation in both
    environmental and conservation terms.
    Serious and in need of Preventive Conservation.
    Elements of high or medium cultural significance in poor condition which
    are progressively worsening and there is growing danger of damage to or
    loss of those qualities\/ features which are the basis of significance. The
    problem is serious and may have existed for a long time; however, shortterm
    action begun within the next six months to a year and completed
    promptly will significantly improve the situation.
    c. Ongoing and in need of Conservation Action:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Elements of high or medium cultural significance which are in poor
    condition and relatively stable, although there is a danger that they may
    eventually result in damage to or loss of those qualities \/ features which
    are the basis of significance. Longer term action in the form of studies
    may be needed and should be started as soon as possible; however, the
    whole process may require a longer time scale before improvement can be
    seen.
    3.3.2 The Aim of Prioritization
    The aim of prioritization is three fold:
    \uf03f\uf020To identify the significant elements of each structure and also
    buildings as a whole which are in \u201cCritical Condition\u201d and require
    emergency action;
    \uf03f\uf020To identify \u201cSerious Situations\u201d which are progressively
    deteriorating and require preventive conservation action in the
    short term;
    \uf03f\uf020To identify \u201cOngoing Situations\u201d in need of study and\/or longer
    term conservation planning.
    SECTION \u2013 4
    HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND
    EXISTING SITUATION.
    CONDITION SURVEY.
    HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND EXISTING SITUATION
    4.1 LOCATION AND BRIEF HISTORY
    The fort of Sher Shah Suri at Rohtas is situated in 32o 55N and 73o 48 E, 16
    kilometers north-west of Jhelum town, in the gorge where the Kahan torrent
    breaks through the low eastern spur of the Tilla Range. The gigantic stronghold,
    which is emblematic of Sher Shah Suri\u2019s vigorous rule, is strategically positioned
    as it commands the old route from north to the plains of the Punjab. Its
    construction was initiated on the orders of Sher Shah Suri in 1541 and completed
    in 1543 AD. The main purpose for the construction of this Fort was to block the
    possible return of the Mughal Emperor Humayun who after the defeat at Chaunsa
    by Sher Shah Suri, had fled to Iran. His second object was to give a severe blow
    to the old friends of the Mughal who would have gladly helped Humayun to
    capture his lost empire. A number of historic visits by Mughal Emperors Akbar
    and Jahangir have been recorded. Ranjit Singh has also camped on one of his
    unsuccessful expeditions of Kashmir.
    4.2 DESCRIPTION
    Today the fort is approached from Dina on the National Highway by a narrow 12
    feet wide tarmac road. The most spectacular and majestic part of the fort is the
    fortification wall, which is irregular in plan and covers over a 4 kilometer
    perimeter. It contains sixty-eight bastions and twelve named gateways. An
    additional four smaller openings are also seen in the fortification wall, which may
    have acted as gates, or as storm water drainage cha nnels. The massive stonewalls<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    are 30\u2019 to 40\u2019 thick at the base and 30\u2019 to 60\u2019 high. The alignment of the
    fortification has been controlled by the difficult contour of the hillock on which it
    has been constructed. It is everywhere pierced for musketry or archery, and here
    and there for cannon: in the parapets near the gateways are machicolations, from
    which molten lead or hot water could be poured on attacking troops. A number of
    galleries are provided in the thickness of the wall for soldiers and storage. The
    wall is usually composed of two or three terraces, which are linked by staircases.
    The interior of the fort is divided by a cross-wall which is approximately 577
    yards long most of which is damaged and fallen today. This wall segregates the
    citadel\/royal area from the general area reserved for the army. It is in accordance
    with the tradition of ancient time of having a citadel for the chieftains. Though
    devised for purely military purposes, some of its gates are exceptionally fine
    examples of the architecture of the period.
    There are a number of standing smaller structures within the citadel or the
    \u201candarkot\u201d.
    a. Maan Singh\u2019s Haveli (General of Emperor Akbar).
    b. Rani\u2019s Mahal
    c. Shahi Mosque.
    To meet the need of self-sufficiency in water three \u201cbaolis\u201d were constructed
    inside the Fort by cutting deep into the lime rock. One of these baoli\u2019s lies near
    the Kabuli Gate and the other adjacent to Langar Khani Gate. A very spectacular
    \u201cbaoli\u201d stands near the Pipalwala Gate. All the baoli\u2019s are currently not in use
    Two important Sikh monuments one the birthplace of Mata Kaur, is located
    within the small town that has developed. Choa Guru Nanak, a Sikh Gurduwara
    with an adjacent pond is located just outside the Talaqi Gate.
    The entire area of the fort today is covered with overgrown vegetation and
    shrubbery. It is quite likely that under the shrubbery there are massive
    archeological remains of structures built for use by the army at the time of its use
    as a fort. Within the fort the overall ambience is marred by the wild growth of
    grass and Kekar, a thorny shrub. There are hardly any trees, which have probably
    been cut by the residents of Rohtas town for use as fuel or construction. It is seen
    in some old photographs that the residents of Rohtas town used the Citadel areas
    for cultivation. This was probably another cause of cutting down of trees.
    4.3 ROHTAS TOWN
    A small town (population 3000) has developed between Khaws Khani Gate and
    Sohail Gate and it is continuously expanding due to lack of control by the
    custodians of the site. The residents claim that they have been living here for the
    last three to four hundred years however there is no record to support ownership
    of the land. There is a school building constructed by the British in 1926. The
    plaque ind icates that the school was operating in a residence since 1856 indicating
    that there must have been a settlement at the time. Today there are two separate
    primary schools and two High Schools for boys and girls run by the education
    department. There is a block of buildings, which were used as hostel for the
    school however today it stands vacant. The High School for girls has recently
    extended its boundaries to cover twice its land area indicating that even the public
    sector agencies have little respect of our World Heritage Site. There is an old
    Hindu temple south east of the town. It is lying in a derelict state with no
    maintenance and the local community does not have any association with it.
    There are sixteen (16) mosques belonging to the Shia and Sunni Sects as well as<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    three (3) Imambarghas. The birthplace of Mata Kaur is a small Sikh period
    structure however the adjacent resident has constructed a toilet with its roof
    supported on the wall of the shrine, a revered place of the Sikhs. A large number
    of graveyards are dispersed within the walls of the fort. The location of the graves
    in the south and east of the town is an indication of the limits of the residential
    area of the past. Today, the graves are surrounded by housing, in the south,
    indicating the fact that these are new developments.
    The unplanned settlement continues to grow without any checks. There are some
    houses whose walls are constructed of stone and lime mortar indicating there age
    to the previous century or the earlier part of the2oth century. Some of the older
    houses have been constructed with burnt bricks laid in mud mortar. The roofs
    have wooden beams and battens with mud padding at top for insulation. These are
    dispersed within the town, and should be preserved. The community however is
    unaware of the concept of heritage preservation. In the recent constructions,
    bricks have been laid in cement sand mortar for walls and the roofs have steel
    girders and T-iron battens. Tiles have been laid on roofs and plastered for
    providing good drainage. The latest addition is that of RCC Roofs.
    Till late all the streets were unpaved and without designed slopes. There was no
    sewerage system and people were going out to the fields for the call of nature.
    In 1997 the fort was inscribed on the World Heritage list and after that some
    attention has been paid to the development of the village. HWF has played a
    pivotal role in the development activity of the town. Community organizations
    have been formed and infrastructure in terms of water supply and sewerage
    systems are being provided. A ten thousand gallons overhead water reservoir has
    been constructed in the center of the village for supply of drinking water to the
    entire village by gravity system. This overhead water reservoir is linked to a
    Turbine by 3\u201d diameter galvanized iron pipeline. The pump house is located next
    to the Choa Guru Nanak Shrine in front of the Talaqi Gate.
    Part of the village has been provided proper sewerage system, which is linked to
    sludge ponds for disposal of sewage. This is an environment friendly system and
    is capable of providing manure to the villagers for agriculture purposes.
    The main street of the village on which most of the shops are located has been
    paved with concrete pavers with the support of HWF. This street has been named
    as Heritage Street. From the study of the Rohtas Town plan as well as information
    gathered from the residents it appears this was the main route linking Khwas
    Khani Gate to Sohail Gate. The current tarmac road indicates the new
    developments and encroachments that have taken place in the recent past. A few
    more streets have been brick lined with drains on either side for the drainage of
    sillage water and the storm water.
    Most of the streets are still dusty and uneven. The villagers by and large are used
    to living under primitive conditions and expect the government and the NGO\u2019s to
    provide all the modern day services at their doorstep. An outcome of provision of
    services to the community has been consolidation and improvement of the
    housing. The negative aspect has been increased encroachments on the land and
    an increased pace of construction. This is in violation of the Antiquities Act
    however the Department of Archaeology has been unable to stop this due to lack
    of staff and magisterial powers. The political leadership of the area has its own
    vested interests and will allow the residents to expand their housing on land that
    belongs to the state and is protected under the Antiquities Act.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    ENVIRONMENT AND SURROUNDING AREAS OF ROHTAS FORT
    Rohtas Fort is located approximately 7 kilometers off the National Highway\/GT
    Road from Dina. The environment along the road leading from Dina to Rohtas
    comprises partially agricultural land with scattered hamlets. The improvement of
    this tarmac road and the construction of Sher Shah Suri Bridge over the Kahan
    River have resulted in increased development along this road. The overall
    geographical terrain of this area is undulating with deep ravines and riverine
    deposits of conglomerate stone, pebbles and alluvium. The area between Jhelum,
    Rohtas and Tilla Joggian of an approximately 10 kilometer radius is historically
    very rich dating back to the conquests of Alexander of the region. Some of the
    hamlets in this area have old historic structures dating back over one hundred
    years.
    4.5 CONDITION SURVEY
    The Unicon team has undertaken a visual survey of the overall site recently. It has
    also collected some data in terms of old photographs from the Department of
    Archaeology, Northern Circle (DOAM) and a comparison of the condition of the
    buildings at the time of the previous photography and the present condition has
    been collated. This information is provided in detail in the volume \u201cCondition
    Survey of Rohtas fort\u201d as Annexure 1.
    The condition survey undertaken by the Unicon team assisted by the staff of HWF
    and the Department of Archaeology indicated three primary aspects that are
    affecting the overall condition of the Rohtas Fort these are:
    I. Storm Drainage and water percolation in the structures and open areas
    II. Wild growth and low maintenance
    III. Impact of the development of the Rohtas town
    A critical concern of the Rohtas Fort is the condition of the fortification wall,
    which is the most spectacular and majestic part of the fort with its 68 bastions and
    12 gates covering a perimeter of 4 kilometers. The drainage patterns, soil
    conditions and the geological strata of the land are the primary causes of the
    sliding of the wall and bastions. The condition of structures has also aggravated
    due to lack of maintenance. Crevices in the terraces of the wall allow water to
    percolate into the wall structure causing additional damage. There has been a
    change in the overall topography of the inside of the fort due to the change in the
    land use. There is evidence showing extensive use of the land for agricultural
    purposes till the 1990\u2019s for over two centuries. Terracing and reshaping of the
    topography by landfill of sweet earth has caused a change in the original drainage
    pattern that was designed for the fort. Agriculture farming demanded retention of
    the water for the crops and the storm drainage holes in the walls, if not blocked
    due to the raised fields were intentionally closed. This caused water percolation in
    the subsoil causing settlement of the loose rubble infill between the stone and
    lime mortar walls. The walkways and terraces along walls have settled
    developing holes and large fissures. This damage is further compounded by
    rainwater that found its way into the walls causing bulging, tilting and collapsing
    of the structural walls due to the percolation of large amounts of water. The
    movement of the walls developed further cracks and damage to the adjacent
    structures further compounding the damage. At places the impact of the storm
    drainage has been total scouring of the external slopes resulting in collapse of
    large portions of Fort Wall. These collapsed walls create their own set of
    problems, in terms of the originally designed or natural storm water routes that are<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    redefined.
    The Kahan River has had its impact on the walls of the fort during flooding over
    the years. The turbulent waters during flooding have impacted the walls
    particularly along the west at Kabuli Gate and the area between Shishi Gate and
    Shahi Gate resulting in the failure of large portions of the wall.
    The growth of the settlement is also causing damage. There are large areas
    covered with graves some old dating back to the 19th century whilst most of them
    are new and built in the 20th century primarily by the residents of Rohtas town.
    The lack of any built structures within the fort indicates their possible destruction
    by the residents. There has been no archaeological excavation in the site to
    indicate the way the fort was used. The area where the current settlement is
    located is also possibly on an old archeological site, considering it is on a route
    that links the two accessible gates \u2013Khwas Khani and Sohail gate. The presence
    of the birth Place of Mata Kaur and an Old Hindu Temple are also indications of
    the age of the settlement, which has possibly grown on an older settlement. The
    rearing of animals, their grazing, cutting of trees have all added to the
    deterioration of the structures of the fort.
    The brief condition of the various structures is provided below. The structures
    comprise:
    a. The External Fortification Wall, its terraces and built-in rooms
    b. Cross wall separating the \u201cAndarkort\u201d(Citadel) area from the town area
    c. The 68 Bastions
    d. Gates
    e. Shahi Masjid
    f. Maan Singh\u2019s Haveli
    g. Rani\u2019s Mahal
    h. Three Baolis
    i. Sikh Monuments Choa Guru Nanak and Janam Asthan Mata Kaur
    j. Hindu Temple
    THE EXTERNAL FORTIFICATION WALL
    The Rohtas Fort perimeter wall is a masterpiece of civil engineering works. The
    wall measures about 4 km in linear length. The wall is 30 to 40 feet wide at the
    foundation and tapers upwards. The height varies from 30 to 60 feet depending upon
    the location. As the Fort was constructed purely to meet the tactical requirements
    therefore the wall has been constructed on a stone ridge with it\u2019s foundation based on
    the highest points of the ridge. The foundation is 3\u2019 to 5\u2019 deep depending on the depth
    of firm footing.
    The wall consists of three independent walls with a common footing. Each wall
    has been constructed with stones laid in lime mortar. The outer wall has a smooth
    outer surface with marlons at the top for the use of archers and musketeers. The
    second highest is the middle wall and the third wall is the inner most wall. This
    wall has the stairs cases, which lead up to the terrace adjacent to the marlons. An
    examination of the cross section of the wall shows two terraces, one at the top for
    the Archers and the second about 10\u2019 below probably for the 2nd line of soldiers
    who were to replace the wounded or tired men positioned at the top.
    The space between the three walls has been filled with random rubble masonry
    laid in mud mortar. The wall has built in rooms with arched roof at strategic
    locations for the housing of soldiers and foodstuff. The terraces created into the
    infill along the walls have developed cracks and water percolation is damaging<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    the walls & settlement of the terraces in seen.
    In addition to the marlons, machilons have also been provided with the main
    Gates i.e. Khawas Khani Gate, Sohail Gate, Gatali Gate and the Talaqi Gate for
    pouring of molten lead and hot oil \/ water on the enemy soldiers approaching the
    wall \/ gates for demolition purposes. The outer face of the wall is very smooth and
    is unclimable even by the most experienced climbers.
    However today large portions of the wall are scouring particularly in the areas
    where the storm drainage is directed out of the fort. The contours of the internal
    areas of the fort provide the main cause of the external scouring.
    Wall between Shishi and Shahi Gate
    Major portion of the perimeter wall between Shishi Gate and Shahi Gate has
    collapsed due to erosion of foundation by the Kahan river and the effects of rain
    and the free flowing storm water. Sketch showing the extent of damage is
    attached as Annexure A\u2019. During the condition survey of the structure it has been noted that the structure has suffered due to improper drainage. The mortar from the joints has fallen, resulting in displacement and loss of stones. The top of the walls and the structure has developed serious cracks and rainwater is penetrating in the structure. The top surface of the whole structure needs water proofing with the original mortar to control the penetration. The wild growth is also playing major role in the deterioration of the structure. This should be removed very carefully. To stop the erosion at the base of the structures, the underpinning work of the structure with the original materials and the diversion of water away from the Fort structure be planned on priority basis. Wall on either side of Phansi Ghat The foundation of wall is eroding on both sides of Phansi Ghat due to change in drainage pattern. This is due to the raising of the internal level with soil that has eroded as well as the deposition of the fallen structures of Maan Singh Haveli and filling of sweet earth along the inner wall for cultivation purposes. There is a raise of almost 25 feet in one part of the inner section of the fort from the original level. This has resulted in the blockage of the storm water channels meant for draining of rainwater out of the fort area which is having an adverse impact on the fortification wall Wall between Tulla Mori and Gatali Gate Damage is also visible along the eastern wall between Tulla Mori gate and Gatayli gate specifically in the areas where the natural landscape forms the storm water channels. Major portion of wall adjacent to the play ground on the south of Gatali Gate has given away \/ collapsed due to erosion of foundation by the storm waters and blowing of earth from the foundation by strong winds. Sketch showing the damaged portion is attached as Annexure<\/code>B\u2019.
    Wall between Gatayali and Khawas Khani Gate
    Several portions between the gates have fallen down due to ingress of rainwater
    from the top and erosion from the bottom. The wall is also affected due to the lack
    of maintenance, growth of wild bushes and grass along and on the wall with the
    roots deep into the joints, contributing to cracking of walls and displacement of
    stones, all helping in the deterioration process. Sketch showing the damaged
    portion is attached as Annex `C\u2019.
    Wall between Mori Gate and Talaqi Gate
    The wall between Mori and Talaqi gate has collapsed at several places due to<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    penetration of rainwater from the top of the wall and erosion of the foundation
    due to storm water.
    The drainage pattern of the area has been disturbed due to lack of maintenance
    and creation of borrow pits by the inhabitants of the Rohtas Village. During the
    recent site survey it was observed that long time back part of wall next to inner
    wall separating the citadel from the rest of fort had collapsed and was not restored
    for quite some time. This has resulted in erosion \/ washing away of soil, thus
    lowering the bed levels and eroding the foundation of the external wall (Perimeter
    wall). The damaged portion through stands restored but has disturbed the whole
    drainage pattern. This speaks of lack of expertise in the conservation works and
    should be avoided in future conservation \/ restoration sketch showing damaged
    portion is attached as Annex \u201cD\u201d.
    4.5.2 CROSS WALL SEPARATING THE \u201cANDARKORT\u201d(CITADEL) AREA
    FROM THE ROHTAS VILLAGE.
    This wall has almost completely collapsed except few portions, which are in
    precarious situation primarily due to the storm water channel running from Shah
    Chand Wali Gate to the drainage point in the north wall. The storm water channel
    has eroded the foundations resulting in the collapse of the wall. The impact of the
    collapse of this wall is also seen on the structure of Shah Chand Wali Gate, which
    is also showing cracks, and signs of stress. Wall between Shah Chand Wali gate
    and Phansi Ghat is also now existent. The depression on both sides of this
    accumulates storm water in the parking lot and the events area resulting in water
    penetration into the foundations of the wall leading to its further deterioration.
    4.5.3 BASTIONS
    There are 68 bastions spread more or less evenly through the wall. Bastions have
    been constructed at every turn or angle of the wall, which is essentially following
    the topography of the rock strata. The sizes of the bastions vary from a diameter
    10 to 70 feet, the largest flanking Sohail Gate. Damage to the bastions is visible in
    a large number of them at the base where scouring has take place due to storm
    water penetration at the foundation level. About fourteen bastions have almost
    collapsed till to date and need major restoration works.
    The bastion adjacent to Shahi Gate is scouring badly. Conservation works
    undertaken by the British is damaged again and requires immediate attention
    4.5.4 THE GATES
    There are ten main gates, three smaller openings also named as gates and an
    additional 4 small openings in the fortification wall which may have been used as
    gates and were also possibly designed for storm water drainage.
    \u201cMaps Indicating
    Damaged Portion of the
    Fortification Wall\u201d
    PLAN BETWEEN<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    SOHAIL GATE & SAR GATE
    PLAN BETWEEN
    SAR GATE & TULLA MORI
    PLAN BETWEEN
    TULLA MORI & WALL TOWARDS GATAYLI GATE
    PLAN BETWEEN
    GATAYLI GATE & KHAWAS KHANI GATE
    PLAN BETWEEN
    KHAWAS KHANI GATE & KASHMIRI GATE
    PLAN BETWEEN
    KASHMIRI GATE & TALAQI GATE
    PLAN BETWEEN
    TALAQI GATE, LANGER KHANI GATE &
    SHISHI GATE
    PLAN BETWEEN
    SHISHI GATE, KABULI GATE,
    SHAHI GATE & SHAHI MOSQUE
    PLAN BETWEEN
    SHAHI GATE, SHAHI MOSQUE &
    PHANSI GHAT
    PLAN BETWEEN
    PHANSI GHAT & SOHAIL GATE
    PLAN BETWEEN
    SHAH CHANDWALI GATE & DIVIDING WALL
    PLAN OF DIVIDING WALL.
    Shahi Gate
    Some marlons between the Shahi Gate and \u201cbaoli\u201d stand damaged from several
    places. The recent earthquake has also affected the right side outer bastion of the
    main Shahi gate. The foundation of the gate has also been displaced and cracks
    are visible in the walls. DOAM did conservation works on this gate in the 1990 on
    the same portion where British period intervention had also been done. The
    external area of the gate has dilapidated view as the steps leading to Kabuli Gate
    and the Baoli have disappeared and visitors have to cross this area through
    overgrown vegetation and uneven ground. The masonry works at the base of the
    bastions of the Gate has begun to scour and immediate attention is required to<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    stabilize the damage being caused by water penetration from the terraces of the
    walls and the bastion roofs. The recent clearing of vegetation of the Baoli area
    once again indicates the spectacular architecture and engineering practices of the
    time. The clearing of the vegetation shows the damage that water percolation has
    done to the walls resulting in bulging of the wall, cracks appearing which further
    aggravate the situation due to further water percolation into the structure and
    scouring of the external masonry.
    Kabuli gate
    The bastions and the walls between the Shahi gate and Kabuli gate have collapsed
    possibly due to the flooding of the Kahan River. The gate stands precariously
    balanced in a danger of complete collapse. The piling of mud against the inner
    side of the Baoli results in percolation of storm water into the walls of the gate
    causing additional damage. Just the removal of this earth will help protect the gate
    from imminent collapse. Construction of retaining walls to provide stabilization to
    the gate structure will also help in stabilization.
    Shishi Gate
    The Shishi Gate of the fort derives its name from the glazed titles having Persian
    blue colour used in the spandrels of the outer bigger arch. These tiles, which are set
    on the plaster base, \u201care the earliest example of this technique which later on
    developed highly at Lahore\u201d. An inscription on the Shishi Gate in Persian, gives the
    date of the construction of the fort as 948 A.H. The inscription, carved on a marble
    slab, measures 20\u201d and 19.6\u201d and is set on the left side of the gate. It reads:
    Trans.
    In the Hijri year 948 came the exalted—
    At that time constructed the great fort—
    The emperor is Sher (Shah) who gives stability to the world—
    There is no match to his good fortune—
    It was completed by Shahu Sultani.
    A vertical full-length crack in the front wall of the Shishi gate has appeared.
    There are fabulous chambers in the Bastions of the Shishi gate with calligraphy of
    Quranic verses in stone carvings. These are being damaged due to dampness
    penetration from the roof cracks and wild growth on the top. Shishi gate is the
    most decorative of the gate and it demands immediate attention in terms of
    emergency repairs and preventative conservation works.
    Langar Khani Gate
    This gate was probably the primary Royal entrance to the fort from the original
    GT road constructed by Sher Shah Suri. A baoli and a number of
    chambers\/barracks are just inside the gate, which are in very poor condition due to
    lake of maintenance and the wild growth. The baoli needs to be reactivated if
    possible. A most spectacular ramp between the two fort walls from entrance gate
    leads to the Shishi Gate. Currently the ramp is overgrown with wild growth,
    which is also damaging the walls along the ramp.
    The inner wall is also scouring at the base and it requires immediate attention.
    The primary arch of the main gate has settled due to the sub soil movement. The
    cracks are visible at the centre point. The mortar from the joints has come off and
    the stones have been loosened \/ displaced from their original position. The area
    outside the gate requires clearance and preventive conservation in terms of
    construction of a series of retaining walls and ramps to lead up to the gate from
    the level above the flood plain of Kahan River.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Shah Chand Wali Gate.
    HWF has undertaken conservation of the gate, however, the restored portion of
    the gate continues to develop cracks. The newly prepared stone marlons have
    been displaced from their original place. The lower arch has also developed
    cracks at several places. The stone masonry wall is also damaged due to failure of
    the arch.. The possibility of storm water penetration from both the lower portions
    on either side of the gate (Parking lot and events area) also demands a study. The
    burj on the top of the gate is in a very precarious condition and scaffolding is
    currently supporting it due to the continuous movement of the structure. A
    detailed monitoring system needs to be put in place to understand the reasons for
    this movement and preventive actions taken to protect this gate from any further
    damage.
    Sohail Gate
    The Sohail Gate guarding the south \u2013 west wall is in fair condition. It is 70\u2019 high
    and \u201cconsists of a central archway placed within a larger arched recess, with an
    oriel window projecting from the walls on either side. Every part of its structure
    has been carried out in a broad and simple manner, each line and plan has a sober
    and massive elegance, while the whole is a aesthetically competent.\u201d The British
    used the upper portion of this gate as a residence and some quarters and toilets
    have been constructed on the roof terrace. The presence of a tomb\/mazar in the
    chambers at the ground floor is also causing damage to the structure due to the
    burning of candles and fire by the caretaker of the tomb.
    HWF has recently begun conservation and adaptive reuse of the spaces of the
    gate. The first floor has been cleaned, the cement plaster on the walls removed
    with the intent to use this space as a museum. The ground floor chambers have
    been converted into a visitor\u2019s information center. The roof of the top floor has
    developed cracks due to ingress of rainwater and leaks during the rains. The wild
    growth on the roof needs uprooting to safeguard against penetration of rainwater.
    HWF is already in the process of conservation of this gate.
    Gatayli Gate
    The Gatayli gate is currently being restored by the HWF after failure of the
    previous stabilization works, which were under taken by the Department of
    Archaeology (DOAM). Several marlons between the Tulla Mori Gate baoli and
    Gatayli gate are missing.
    Khawas Khani Gate
    The gate is well preserved and structurally in good condition. Due to lack of
    maintenance few marlons have fallen down which need to be restored. Currently
    it is the main entrance to the Rohtas fort and being adjacent to the town the walls
    have a lot of graffiti and it is being misused. A tomb has been constructed in the
    immediate entry to the gate and the boundary wall of the tomb enclosure juts out
    into the main gate opening. A well in the entrance \u201cdeori\u201d is filled with garbage
    and earth and is not operational. Just outside the gate are a number of old tombs
    possibly belonging to the Suri\/Mughal period. The residents of the town throw
    their garbage outside this gate presenting a very poor impression to the entrance
    of the World Heritage site. The wall on the east of the entrance has been
    considerably damaged due to the storm water channel.
    Kashmiri Gate.
    The gate is showing affects of poor maintenance. The mortar from the joints is
    coming off, resulting in loss of strength, which needs immediate pointing with the<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    original mortar on priority basis. The floor of the gate has become uneven and
    rainwater is penetrating in the structure. The floor needs to be re- laid properly
    with adequate slopes for draining out the rainwater. Due to erosion the right outer
    bastion has developed a cavity at the bottom of the bastion, which needs under
    pinning to avoid any further damage. The water supply pipeline passing through
    the gate is leaking and the water penetration is visible in the structure. The mortar
    from the joints of the structure has also come off, resulting in the loosening of the
    stones forming the structural members.
    Talaqi Gate
    This gate has recently been restored by HWF. However some cracks have
    reappeared in the roof of the main gate and are being filled \/ treated.
    The outer steps of the gate, which were reconstructed recently, are not according
    to the original layout. This has resulted in poor drainage of storm water. The
    rainwater is penetrating in the structure due to improper slopes. Cracks are visible
    in the stairs and particularly at the junction of the stairs and the gate. To avoid any
    further damage to the outer portion of the gate cracks need to be attended
    immediately. Outer wall of the bastion has also collapsed and needs to be restored
    \/ stabilized.
    Tulla Mori Gate
    This is a small gate\/opening on the eastern side of the fort. The residents of the
    town who take their animals for grazing use it often. The storm water channel is
    blocked and the wall adjacent to it is being damaged.
    Pipal Wala Gate
    This is another small gate just over 2 meters wide after Tulla Mori gate on the east fortification. The gate has no significant
    decorations however the wild growth on the terraces and the chambers is causing damage to the structure
    Sar gate
    This is essentially a small opening of no architectural significance on the south
    fortification wall. The wall adjacent to the gate was damaged and the department
    in 1990 carried out preventive conservation work
    Other Openings
    There are 4 additional openings in the fortification wall, which apart from serving
    as gates probably also served as openings for access storm drainage. These are
    located at the following points
    \uf03f\uf020Between Shahi Gate and Phansi Ghat also called Gaddan Wala Gate by
    the local population
    \uf03f\uf020In the fortification wall between the Dividing wall and Sohail Gate just
    beyond the current Parking Lot
    \uf03f\uf020Opening above the chambers of Langar Khawni Gate
    \uf03f\uf020Mori Gate between Dividing Wall and Kashmiri Gate from where the
    current water supply line is entering the Fort
    4.5.5 SHAHI MOSQUE
    This small but beautiful edifice is located near the Kabuli Gate. The mosque on
    the whole presents a fine specimen of compact decorative and elegant religious
    architecture of the Suri period. The spandrels of its outer arches have \u201cbosses\u201d in
    whom the border is decorated with lily design that was later adopted by the
    Mughal\u2019s to use at the Jahangir\u2019s and Nur Jahan\u2019s tomb and in the Shah Burj Gate
    in the Lahore Fort. Thus the fort of Rohtas, though a military outpost, was a
    stately work of art. However, there are serious cracks in the central and the inner
    portions. The keystone of central arch has fallen off thus making the external arch<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    unstable. Wild growth on the top of the roof is also damaging the structure
    seriously as it is helping the rainwater to penetrate deep into the arched roofs and
    the supporting walls. Considering that this is just one of the three standing
    structures in the fort conservation works should be considered a priority
    beginning with the clearance of the vegetation and filling of the roof cracks. The
    change in the external level of the area due to collection of soil erosion is also
    damaging the adjacent fortification wall and the boundary wall of the courtyard of
    the Shahi Mosque
    4.5.6 HAVELI MAAN SINGH
    In the Mughal period Maan Singh the trusted General of Akbar constructed a
    Haveli in the citadel. The Haveli is built on a rock at a commanding site. It is a
    double storey building and unlike the Fort has been constructed in bricks and
    plastered neatly. Major portions of this haveli have fallen down particularly its
    north west corner has totally vanished. Only a portion of its southeastern corner is
    intact and is being restored by the HWF. The erosion of the soil around Maan
    Singh\u2019s haveli and the sliding of the structures have changed the entire
    topography of the area between Maan Singh\u2019s Haveli and the Shahi Mosque with
    the natural soil leve l being raised by over 25 feet. The level of the original storm
    drainage channel in the wall can judge this 25 feet change in the level visible on
    the external side and the current NSL level within the fort.
    4.5.7 RANI\u2019S MAHAL
    It is a small building on the north side of the Maan Singh\u2019s Haveli. The location
    of the Mahal indicates that it was a part of the Royal Chambers i.e. the Haveli
    Maan Singh. Historical records revealed that this small but prestigious building
    was the residence of Maan Singh\u2019s Sister. Major portion of the building has
    vanished only a small room with dome on top has been able to with stand the
    vagaries of time and weather. The bricks have been laid in lime mortar and
    plastered neatly. The dome is proportioned nicely and gives an elegant look. At
    present cracks are visible in the walls and need attention. The mound on which
    Rani\u2019s Mahal is located is a good Archeological site and can reveal information if
    excavation is carried out by the specialists.
    4.5.8 BAOLIS
    There are three baoli\u2019s in the Rohtas Fort. The baoli\u2019s have been located keeping
    in view the user requirements. The baoli\u2019s have been named as under.
    a. Shahi Baoli.
    b. Langer Khani Baoli.
    c. Tulla Mori Gate Baoli.
    These baolis are discussed below.
    Shahi Baoli.
    This baoli is located in the Royal Chambers area at the back of the Shahi Mosque.
    The baoli and the steps leading to the water lime have been constructed with bricks
    laid in lime mortar. Staircases have fine and intricate patterns. There are sixty steps
    leading down to the water line. There are small chambers around the baoli
    presumably for relaxation of the royal family. Shafts have been provided in the stairs
    cases for the height and the fresh air. It is a fine piece of Architecture and
    Engineering. At present the baoli is not in use and requires cleaning to identify
    conservation needs.
    Langer Khani Baoli.
    This baoli is located in the possibly the main entrance to the Royal area. The baoli<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    is located close to the Kahan river, and has a shallow depth compared to the Tulla
    Mori Gate and Shahi Baoli. The baoli is constructed in bricks laid in lime are in
    poor shape, party filled\/ covered with earth and needs cleaning and restoration.
    Tulla Mori Gate Baoli.
    The baoli has been constructed near the Tulla Mori Gate by cutting deep into the
    lime rock. This is the deepest and the biggest of all the baolis. One hundred and
    forty eight steps each about 20 centimeters lead to the water line. The steps,
    sidewalls and the upper portion of the well have been constructed in stone laid in
    lime mortar. This baoli was a general-purpose baoli with the highest yield. This
    was meant for the use of the entire army and the animals in the use of the Sher
    Shah\u2019s army. This is simplest in Architecture but a masterpiece of engineering as
    the stones walls on either side of the steps leading to the water lime have been
    properly strengthened by the use of arches and the tie beams. There must have
    been a roof and some sort of water extraction arrangement but that is non existent
    today, even the water storage tanks meant for the animals and the washing
    purposes have not been able to with stand the onslaught of time and weather. The
    baoli is not in use and needs cleaning and re-commissioning.
    4.5.9 SIKH MONUMENTS: CHOA GURU NANAK AND JANAM ASTHAN
    MATA KAUR.
    There are two Sikh Monuments in the area; one of the monuments is located in
    the Fort and the other is just out side the Talaqi Gates.
    Choa Guru Nanak.
    This is a Sikh Gurdawara almost square in shape and is located adjacent to a
    natural spring on the bank of Kahan River out side the Talaqi Gate. It is a threestory
    building with a small but magnificent dome in the center portion of the
    building. It is very similar to the Gurdawara Siri Ram Das, Chuna Mandi Lahore.
    The building has constructed in brick and plastered neatly.
    There is a medium size water pond located on the south side of the Gurdawara for
    the sacred bath by the pilgrims visiting the Gurdawara. Carefully scrutiny of the
    building indicated that a stair case was added to the building at a later stage on the
    east side of the building for the use of the Sikh Garanthees (Priests) to take the
    Garanth Sahib to the dome at top of the building for sleep at night. This portion is
    not monolithic with the original Gurdawara. The building is not in use and need
    repairs and maintenance.
    Janam Asthan Mata Kaur.
    This is a small room with a dome on top. The building has been constructed with
    properly dressed sand stone blocks laid in leveled courses. The legend says that
    this is the birthplace of Mata Kaur the wife of the 10th Guru of the Sikh\u2019s Guru
    Govind Singh. The toilet constructed by a neighbor with the northern wall of this
    sacred shrine is damaging the basic structure. This is an indication of the lack of
    appreciation and awareness of the local community of the historicity and
    sacredness of the structures.
    4.5.10 HINDU TEMPLE
    It is a small building located on the east side of the Rohtas Village near the Tulla
    Mori Gate Baoli. It is typical of a small Hindu Mandar i.e. a square room with a
    tapering roof. The building is not in use and is surrounded by the shrubs and the
    wild growth. It is built in brick and plastered neatly. The local community\u2019s
    attitude towards this structure is again an indication of a lack of respect for a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    structure belonging to another religious sect.
    4.6 ROHTAS DRAINAGE
    Drainage plays a very important role in the conservation and maintenance of
    all types of structures. Efficient drainage enhances the life span of a
    structure, reduces maintenance cost and chances of settlement. Poor
    drainage reduces the life of a structure, enhances the maintenance cost and
    contributes to rapid deterioration of a structure. At the time of construction
    of Rohtas Fort it was provided with well planned drainage system but over
    the period of time due to lack of maintenance this system collapsed and needs
    rehabilitation.
    Today the system can be divided into three major parts depending on the
    topography of the area which one as follows.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    1. Area east side of road liking Khawas Khani Gate with Sohail Gate.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    2. Area between dividing wall and road liking Khawas Khani Gate with
      Sohail Gate.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    3. Andrakot \/ citadel area i.e. area on west side of dividing wall.
      Map No. 13 Shows the Existing Drainage Condition.
      The descriptions of these areas are discussed below.
      4.6.1. Area east side of road linking Khawas Khani Gate with Sohail Gate.
      Area east of road linking Khawas Khani Gate with Sohail Gate can further
      be subdivided in the following zones.
      a. Area between Sohail Gate and Sar Gate.
      b. Area between Sar Gate and Peepal Wala Gate.
      c. Area between Peepal Wala Gate & Tulla Mori Gate.
      d. Area between Tulla Mori Gate and Gatayli Gate.
      e. Area between Gatayli Gate and Khawas Khani Gate.
      In the succeeding paragraphs drainage of area on the eastern side of road
      linking Sohail Gate with Khawas Khani Gate will be discussed under the
      following headings.
      Area between Sohail Gate and Sar Gate.
      In this area there is only one out let in the wall for the drainage of the storm water
      near the graveyard located on the south side of the Eid-Gah. The outlet stands
      choked today and is not in use rather has become unserviceable. The area was
      examined critically and observed which yielded the following:
      i. Height of ground at the mouth of out let is 290.
      ii. Height of ground at about fifty feet from outlet is 292.
      iii. Height of ground at four hundred feet from wall\/outlet is 288.
      iv. Height of ground at a distance of about 800 feet is 286.
      v. Floor level of Sohail Gate is 300.
      From the above data it is clear that at the time of construction of fort the water
      was flowing out from this drainage point. In the later years the exit got blocked \/
      choked due to unknown reasons probably due to lack of maintenance thus the
      water changed it\u2019s course and started flowing in the north eastern direction. As the
      soil is sandy in nature therefore it did not offer any substantial resistance to the
      water and over the years the drainage pattern changed from south to northeast. In
      this area sand stone rocks are exposed and the storm water has washed the fines
      away.
      b. Area between Sar Gate and Peepal Wala Gate.
      There is no outlet for storm water in the Fort Wall between these two gates. The<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      physical examination of the area and the careful study of the latest topographic
      survey map reveal the following.
      i. The area was generally flat in nature and the two small gates i.e. Sar Gate
      and the Peepal Wala Gate were serving as drainage outlets.
      ii. Height of bed level of Sar Gate is 290.
      iii. Natural surface level of ground 100 feet away from Sar gate near the
      second Bastion on East of Sar Gate is 290.
      iv. N.S.L near the 3rd Bastion on east of Sar Gate is 288.
      v. N.S.L near the 4th Bastion where the wall change direction from east to
      North is 286.
      Bed level of Peepal Wala Gate is 282.
      vii. N.S.L adjacent to Peepal Wala Gate is 286.
      The study of the contours indicates that initially the ground was sloping towards
      the Peepal Wala Gate and the gate was serving as drainage outlet but with the
      expansion of Rohtas village the area was leveled and converted to play grounds
      thus changing the original drainage pattern. This has resulted in the reversing of
      natural slope and now the water is flowing in the northern direction in the shape
      of a nullah at a distance of about 150\u2019 feet from the eastern wall and almost
      parallel to the wall. The change of original drainage plan has resulted in excessive
      erosion, washing away of topsoil, exposure of sand stone rocks, decrease in
      vegetation and damage to environment.
      Area between Peepal Wala Gate & Tulla Mori Gate.
      There is no drainage outlet between these two gates which is a clear indication
      that the gates were also to serve as drainage outlets, the study of contours on the
      topographic maps also confirm the general layout of the area but the ground
      reality is as follows.
      i. Bed Level of Tulla Mori Exit is 286.
      ii. Bed Level of Tulla Mori inlet is 284.
      iii. Bed Level of Tulla Mori near Bari Baoli adjacent to Tulla Mori Gate is 280.
      The study of the levels confirms the reversing of natural slopes. Today no water is
      flowing out from the Tulla Mori Gate rather the water is flowing in the western
      direction and discharging into nullah on west of Bari Baoli for further disposal.
      d. Area between Tulla Mori Gate and Gatayli Gate.
      The area between these two gates is roughly level and is served by six drainage
      outlets which are located at regular intervals. All the out lets are functional and
      are serving the purpose for which they were designed. The area slopes from the
      village towards the eastern wall and is well drained. There are few shallow ponds
      that have been constructed for storage of storm water. The slopes are gentler and
      very little effort is required to control the erosion.
      The outlet located on the north side of the Tulla Mori Gate is very heavy loaded
      as it is taking the entire load of area located between eastern fortification wall,
      Southern wall up to Sohail Gate, Road connecting Sohail Gate with over head
      water reservoir on the west and part of the Rohtas Village Separated by a line
      connecting over head water reservoir with Hindu Temples through Mohallah
      Baluchan. This measures almost 1\/5 of the total area to be drained. The steep
      slopes in the catchment area described above have resulted in excessive run off,
      flow of water at great speed, washing of topsoil, erosion of sandy soil and creation
      of nullah from Sar Gate to this outlet. The outlet is narrow compared to the water<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      that it is to discharge in a short span of time. This has resulted in the washing
      away of the soil on the outer side of the fort wall, which was so very important for
      the safety, and the support of the wall. Today the foundation of the outer portion
      of the wall is totally exposed and is hanging precariously in the air.
      This needs under pining on emergency basis to avert imminent danger of it\u2019s
      collapse. Some protective works to control further erosion and speed of water are
      also required. A separate study by a team of specialists is required to control
      excessive erosion and arrest any further damage to the vary precious Fort
      Structures.
      e. Area between Gatayli Gate and Khawas Khani Gate.
      There are two drainage out lets between Gatayli Gate and the Khawas Khani
      Gate. Both the out lets are in fairly good condition and are functional. The
      drainage area slopes from south to north therefore the drainage is efficient and the
      area is well drained. In addition to the two outlets Gatayli Gate is also serving as
      drainage point due to lowering of levels of track entering from the Gatayli Gate
      and leading to the village.
      The inspection of the area at the exit of the out lets have shown that the drainage
      channels out side the fort wall have never been maintained and as a result erosion
      of Gatayli Gate entrance steps and north side bastion took place in addition to the
      wall on the north side of the Grave Yard. The drainage channels out side the fort
      need cleaning and proper maintenance \/ diversion of Storm Water to safe guard
      against any further erosion of the perimeter wall structures.
      4.6.2 Area Between Dividing Wall And The Road Linking Khawas Khani Gate
      And Sohail Gate.
      Topographically the area slopes in two direction i.e. North & South, therefore
      drainage out lets were provided in the perimeter wall on the north & the south.
      The water flows in the northern direction from the ridge line connecting DOAM
      office with the Haveli Maan Singh \/ Rani Mahal as well as in the southern
      direction, thus the area will be discussed under the following sub headings.
      a. Area between Khawas Khani Gate and inner dividing wall up to foot track
      connecting Haveli Maan Singh with DOAM office in the South.
      b. Area between Shah Chand Wali Gate, Sohail Gate & Foot track
      connecting Haveli Maan Singh with the DOAM office in the North.
      The above zones are discussed in detail below.
      a. Area between Khawas Khani Gate and inner dividing wall up to foot track
      connecting Haveli Maan Singh with DOAM office in the South.
      The above area can be subdivided into following zones.
      i. Area between Khawas Khani Gate
      and Kashmiri Gate.
      There are three drainage out lets between these two gates and all of them
      are choked and non functional. This is a result of lack of maintenance and
      unplanned \/ haphazard construction activity in the fort area. The initial
      slopes were from south to north but now the water from the village is
      flowing out through the Khawas Khani Gate and the Kashmiri gate. Area
      near the drainage out lets is littered with animal and human excreta and
      waste materials dumped by the inhabitants of the village, thus disturbing
      the designed drainage pattern and the natural slopes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      ii. Area between Kashmiri Gate and the Inner Citadel Dividing Wall.
      There are three drainage outlets in this area out of which two are choked
      and nonfunctional: only one outlet located near the citadel wall is
      functional. This outlet is taking the entire load of the triangular area
      circum- fenced by the citadel wall on the west & south west, road linking
      Sohail Gate with Khawas Khani Gate in the east and the fort wall between
      Khawas Khani Gate and the citadel wall as all other out lets in the area are
      choked and non operative.
      Diversion of the water from the other drainage outlets has changed the
      entire drainage pattern which has resulted in rapid erosion of soil along the
      dividing \/ citadel wall thus exposing its foundations and resulting in
      collapse of it\u2019s major portion.
      A comprehensive study of this area is required by a team of specialists to
      ascertain the original level of this drainage out let as the Fort wall between
      the dividing wall and the bastion on the east of it seems to be a
      reconstruction. A very careful analysis of the present \/ existing situation is
      required to assess \/ ascertain the change in level of drainage out let and the
      reconstruction of the collapsed wall to come to a final conclusion
      regarding the originally designed drainage patterns.
      Area between Shah Chand Wali Gate, Sohail Gate and Foot Track
      Connecting Haveli Maan Singh with DOAM Offices.
      This is a terraced area sloping from north to south and is drained by two drainage
      outlets in southern perimeter wall. The higher terrace adjacent to road linking
      Sohail Gate with the Khawas Khani Gate has a level of 298 and extends up to
      track linking Haveli Maan Singh with DOAM office. The lower terrace adjacent
      to Shah Chand Wali Gate has a level of 292. Both the outlets are functional and
      draining the area effectively. It is however pertinent to mention that the wall at the
      exit of the outlet near the Shah Chand Wali Gate is damaged and needs corrective
      measures.
      If the Conservation works are not taken in hand on priority basis the condition of
      already damaged perimeter wall will be aggravated due to erosion by the storm
      drainage through this outlet.
      4.6.3 Andarkot\/Citadel Area i.e. Area on West Side of Dividing Wall.
      The area between the dividing wall and the western perimeter wall slopes in the
      western direction i.e. towards Kahan River except a very small portion south of
      Haveli Maan Singh, which slopes towards south. The slopes are adequate thus the
      area is well drained. Almost all the drainage outlets shown on the topographic
      survey sheets are choked and non functional. At present the water is flowing out
      through Talaqi gate, a gap in the perimeter wall between Shishi Gate and Shahi
      Gate, Shahi Gate and from under the foundation of perimeter wall at two locations
      south of Haveli Maan Singh. DOAM is currently making efforts to locate and
      unearth hidden outlets in general area.
      The area has been subdivided in to following zones for drainage purposes.
      a. Area between inner wall (citadel wall) and the Talaqi Gate.
      b. Area between Talaqi gate and Langar Khani Gate.
      c. Area between Langar Khani Gate and Shahi Gate.
      d. Area between Shahi Gate and Shah Chand Wali Gate.
      These areas will be discussed in detail below:
      a. Area between Citadel Wall and the Talaqi Gate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      There is only one drainage out let in this area, which is blocked and nonoperative,
      which certifies that the water is draining out through Talaqi Gate. In
      this area the slopes are gentler and the area slopes from east to west and
      northwest. The highest level near the citadel wall is 286 and the lowest point
      slightly to the south of Talaqi Gate is 270 where as bed level of Talaqi gate is 280.
      b. Area between Talaqi Gate and Langer Khani Gate.
      At present no drainage outlet is visible between these two gates along the inner
      perimeter wall. Detailed reconnaissance of the Langer Khani area has revealed
      presence of two drainage outlets i.e one in the wall between Langar Khani gate
      and the Shishi gate and the 2nd in the wall separating the kitchen area from the
      main fort. The inlet of the drainage out in the inner wall is blocked. Archeological
      investigation is required to arrange digging and unearthing of the inlet. At present
      the entire water in draining out from Talaqi gate, which is not a desirable
      situation.
      c. Area between Langer Khani Gate & the Shahi Gate.
      This area has lost its original slopes thus disturbing the drainage pattern between
      the above-referred gates. The outer perimeter wall has collapsed at number of
      places, giving rise to a major nullah and a number of small nullahs. Investigations
      are needed by a team of experts comprising of archeologists, geologists,
      hydrologists & engineers to ascertain the causes of damage to the Fort wall in this
      area and the change in over all drainage pattern. A lot of topsoil has been lost as a
      result of erosion and increase in storm water channel bed slopes.
      The highest point in the area is Ziarat Dheri Sain Sattar. The highest level is 290
      and the lowest point i.e. the nullah bed is 270m and the Kahan River west of wall
      has a bed level of 240. This indicates a level differences of 50 meter in a distance
      of about 150 meters. This is the most undesirable slope (1:3) as it encourages
      rapid erosion & loss of precious topsoil.
      d. Area between Shahi Gate and Shah Chand Wali Gate.
      There are only two drainage outlets in this area out of which are has been
      unearthed recently by a team of Archeologists and engineers from
      Department of Archeology and Museums Government of Pakistan. The outer
      side of the drainage out let is in a dilapidated state and needs lot of
      conservation works. The area slopes from North to South and South West
      from a Kacha (unpaved) track linking Rani Mahal with Shahi Gate. The
      highest point between Haveli Maan Singh and Rani Mahal is 300 and the
      lowest point near the drainage out let is 284. The drainage structure at the
      exit of the drainage out let has mostly disappeared and parts of washed away
      structure are lying in the nullah bed out side the fort wall. Restoration and
      Rehabilitation effort is required to repair the drainage outlet to control
      erosion along the foundation of the Fort Wall. The second outlet located
      between Phansi Ghat and Shah Chand Wali Gate is yet to located and
      unearthed.
      CONSERVATION WORKS
      HWF\u2019s conservation efforts have been undertaken based on complete
      documentation of:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      1. Shah Chand Wali Gate.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      2. Talaqi Gate.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      3. Gatayli Gate.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      4. Maan Singh\u2019s Haveli
        A visitor center has been developed on the ground floor of the Sohail Gate. A
        museum is in the process of being established on the top floor of Sohail Gate The
        HWF has been documenting the areas of the fort as and when required to
        undertake conservation \/ restoration works.
        4.8 GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
        Rohtas Fort is located on sand stone of Siwalik age rocks. Siwalik rocks are
        considered as the youngest rocks. They mainly consist of sand stone, shale and
        sometime mudstone. Conglomerate and alluvium are also major contents of
        Siwalik rocks. This formation starts from upstream of Mangla Lake and extends
        up to edge of Salt Range.
        As these rocks are of youngest age, their strength is not so much like other
        sedimentary rocks, e.g. Murree formation consisting of sand stone of Miocene
        age. Siwalik rocks are friable and they accept immediate affect of weathering.
        Erosion factor plays an also very important role in their behavior. In the project
        area a lot of erosion is observed and there must be some treatment for the
        deformation of rocks underlying the walls of fort. Storm water drainage is also
        playing an important role in the erosion of these soft rocks.
        In the area of Shah Chand Wali Gate of the Fort, water percolation is observed as
        it is percolating from one side of the walls towards the other side. It can create
        further deformation problems. Hence detailed geological field and laboratory
        work is needed on the disturbed areas of the Project. Weathering effects are also
        commonly observed in the vicinity of Haveli Maan Singh. Surface rocks are
        showing weathering effects and erosion is weakening the foundation of the
        structure.
        SECTION \u2013 5
        ISSUES
        CURRENT CONTEXT AND ISSUES
        5.1 CONSERVATION ISSUES
        Today Rohtas Fort stands as monument of its time but is in a state of dereliction
        due to environmental and climatic impact on its structure, low maintenance,
        impact of the village residents, and poor conservation works. The poor
        presentation of the fort does not provide visitors with adequate information or
        history about the fort. HWF efforts to improve the situation are commendable
        however the performance of the government to protect its heritage has been very
        poor. HWF\u2019s interventions have essentially led to the awakening of the
        government and DOAM to allocate a budget of Rs.163 Million for conservation
        works in 2005
        5.1.1. Overall Conservation Approach
        Conservation efforts at the Rohtas have been made during the British Period, and
        the Department of Archeology after 1947. By and large all these efforts have been
        characterized by the lack of a comprehensive plan based on accurate assessment
        of need and on international standards. This is true not only for the Rohtas Fort
        but it can be said for most of the works of the department. The approach to
        conservation has tended towards:
        \uf03f\uf020Reactive conservation without assessment of need and clear statement of<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

        priorities;
        \uf03f\uf020Carrying out interventions without proper study, documentation or
        preparation before hand;
        \uf03f\uf020Dealing with surface appearance without addressing serious structural
        issues;
        \uf03f\uf020Partial or full reconstruction of structures on the basis of insufficient
        research and without clear identification of \u201cnew\u201d vs. \u201coriginal\u201d.
        \uf03f\uf020Replacing faded or slightly damaged original elements with new copies in
        similar materials;
        5.1.2 Prioritizing Critical Conservation
        Issues
        The details of the existing condition and the reasons for the existing condition have
        been dealt with in the Condition Survey of Rohtas Fort as a Annexure volume to this
        report.
        Since the Unicon team has conducted a visual survey of the fort and no detailed
        documentation is available apart from the HWF\u2019s efforts of the conservation
        works undertaken on the three gates cost estimates of the conservation works of
        the Fort can only be approximated. However rate analysis of the type of repairs
        can assist in calculating the cost of the stabilizing and conservation of the
        structures.
        A number of actions are immediately required to arrest further deterioration of the
        fort and detailed studies are also required to analyze the extent of damage and to
        take preventative action against further deterioration.
        The most critical conservation issue is to stop the deterioration of the fortification
        wall. The primary reasons for the deterioration are:
        a) Damage due to water percolation from storm drainage from the inside of the
        fort
        b) Water penetration from cracks in the walkways and terraces along the walls
        c) Scouring of the walls due to weathering and water penetration
        5.1.3 Procedures for Implementation of Conservation Work
        Conservation work is being carried on at Rohtas without sufficiently standardized
        procedures. There is a need to clearly identify the steps to be carried out in order
        to ensure that all work is justified, carefully planned and implemented. Not only is
        a priority list of works needs to be prepared, works must follow international sets
        of guidelines. At present there is little reference to the many international
        guidelines, manuals and case studies available. Work in other parts of the world
        would provide useful models and provide new ideas and approaches.
        5.1.4 Documentation
        One of the fundamental management tasks at a World Heritage site is to fully
        document the site using a variety of media and methods, including maps, plans,
        architectural details, photographs, film and text. Custodians must also record in
        detail every intervention into the fabric and form of the site, documenting it again
        in a series of before and after presentations.
        There was no accurate topographic survey of the fort available. HWF had
        requested the Pakistan Army to document the site. However, the topographic<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        maps prepared did not have adequate detail. A detailed topographic survey of the
        site has been undertaken as a first step to initiate the documentation process (See
        Map 14). This plan has documented contours on every one meter; it also indicates
        the places where the wall is damaged, broken or scoured. The location of the
        majority of the original drainage channels in the walls will form the basis of
        designing the drainage patterns of the fort considering that the original
        topography has changed over the years and the drainage holes are blocked
        There are records available with the Department of Archeology (DOAM)
        however they have not been maintained systematically or in a comprehensive
        manner. The DOAM has graphic and photographic records of all the gates and the
        areas where conservation efforts have been made over the last 50 years. The
        UNICON team has undertaken the task of photographing the Rohtas Fort. The
        new photographs are compared with the older photographs and all the changes
        documented to assess the damage done during the last fifty years or so. This
        forms part of the Condition Survey Document attached as an annexure.
        HWF established a documentation center for the purposes of undertaking the
        conservation projects. The works undertaken on Shah Chand Wali Gate, Talaqi Gate
        and Gatayli Gate have been documented before and after conservation works on
        AutoCAD and photography. However, HWF and DOAM need to establish a
        systematic and standardized procedure possibly on the same lines as the UNESCO
        NORAD Shahi Qila Project. A standardized format as used is attached in the
        annexure.
        5.1.5 Archaeological digs and
        excavations
        Except for the fortification wall, the three standing structures in the Andarkot and the
        Baolis there seem to be no other struc tures that can be dated to the Suri\/Mughal
        period that are still standing. The topography of the inner area has changed
        considerably due to erosion and fill. The Rohtas town has extended itself and some
        remains of older structures are visible as walls of the existing homes. There are a
        number of walls of the residences within the Rohtas Fort that can possibly be dated to
        over 100 years. Considering the fact that the construction of residences has taken
        place in this specific area of the fort indicates the possibility of earlier structures and
        therefore finding archaeological remain within the town area are high. It is necessary
        that archaeological digs be conducted to identify older remains as well as to
        understand how the fort areas were utilized.
        5.1.6 Skilled Artisans in Stone Construction and Traditional Building Crafts.
        Rohtas Fort essentially comprises stone works laid in lime mortar. Rohtas Fort
        may not have the extensive crafts seen in some of the Mughal monuments,
        however the craftsman ship for stone masonry, stone carving, frescoes and marble
        require training. A system of identifying the composition of the materials used has
        to be undertaken in a scientific manner. An adequately equipped laboratory
        facility designed to meet the needs of monitoring, maintenance and conservation
        of the World Heritage site is essential. DOAM has lab facilities at the Lahore Fort
        comprising a tile workshop and a lime laboratory. Testing of materials of work
        that is ongoing on the Rohtas Fort has to be sent to Lahore, considering that the
        crafts existing in the Rohtas fort is limited. It is seen that DOAM has used cement<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        and new materials for repair and conservation thereby losing on all the originality
        and authenticity of the monument. Moreover Conservation works demand a
        skilled workforce of artisans trained in traditional building craft. Today artisans
        skilled in the traditional crafts are an almost lost profession. Very often works are
        let out to contractors who may or may not employ the best artisans. Contracting
        practice has to be discouraged in conservation works. The department should train
        its own artisans. These artisans should be encouraged to design and develop new
        products for sale, in the process training additional apprentices on the same lines
        as it is being done at the Shahi Qila, Lahore. The community living in Rohtas
        town could be given incentives to attend training programs for income generation.
        ISSUES:
        Issue 1: The lack of set priorities for addressing the many critical
        conservation situations
        Issue 2: The need for an updated, professional overall approach to planning
        and implementing conservation in keeping with international
        standards and guidelines.
        Issue 3: The importance of a detailed and standardized documentation
        system.
        Issue 4: The need for archaeological surveys and digs.
        Issue 5: The shortage of trained skilled artisans in traditional building crafts
        to carry out conservation work.
        Issue 6: Employment of unskilled contractors.
        SITE MANAGEMENT ISSUES
        5.2.1 Custodianship and Oversight
        The custodian of Rohtas Fort is the Federal Department of Archaeology.
        However their efforts in maintaining the site and conserving the world
        heritage site has been very poor. City Government has had no involvement in
        the administration of heritage sites, since the effort of safeguarding was
        considered the responsibility of the Federal Government. Moreover, due to a
        lack of a coordinating mechanism, Provincial and City Governments have
        not felt that they neede d to provide any assistance for the protection of the
        monument leaving it to the Federal Government and DOAM to undertake
        any protective measures.
        Himalayan Wildlife Foundation an NGO has played a pivotal role in drawing the
        attention of the Federal Ministry to the lack of attention given to the Rohtas Fort,
        a World Heritage site since 1997. In the last five years the HWF has been very
        actively involved in the Rohtas Fort and has managed to mobilize the ministry to
        provide them access and undertake conservation and restoration works in the
        Rohtas fort. They have mobilized the community and the local government and
        have undertaken development activities within the village. This has resulted in
        clearing the environment within the village where sanitation systems have been
        installed and roads have been paved. The negative impact of this development has
        been increased encroachments and construction of unauthorized building activity.
        The official tourism authorities, PTDC and TDCP presently play no role in
        management or directly promoting tourism at this World Heritage Site. The
        site forms part of the tour itineraries promoted by PTDC and TDCP, but the
        organizations do not conduct special tours or provide special promotional
        material. Local tour operators are also not involved in any campaigns for
        heritage site promotion. They do not provide guides nor do they arrange any<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        special activities or events.
        The general lack of a coordinated strategic approach to cultural heritage
        management has encouraged ad hoc decision making, resource allocation and
        conservation practice. The competence of cultural heritage managers is part of the
        problem as their qualifications and practical experience may not equip them well for
        their roles. In addition they do not have the resources or support in terms of adequate
        staff to implement standard conservation methodologies and to link those to a
        strategic plan.
        There is no regular inspection of the systems and works of the site
        management by any external agency. What needs to be done , how it is to be
        done and whether it is of acceptable international standard, were decisions
        taken entirely by the Department of Archaeology (DOAM) itself. The
        Steering Committee established through the efforts of HWF is now playing
        the role of a monitor of all works being done at the site. However in the last
        five years the works are being done entirely by the NGO with the department
        taking a complete back seat.
        5.2.2 Enforcement of Legal Protection
        The Federal Antiquities Act provides various forms of legal protection in support
        of preservation of a World Heritage Site, however there is a failure to take
        advantage of this potential and the site suffers.
        \uf03f\uf020Although the Federal Antiquities Act 1975 (Act VII of 1976) stipulates
        that the Federal Government will constitute an Advisory Committee
        (Clause 3), no committee seems to be in existence
        \uf03f\uf020Clause 18 of the Act is clear regarding the use that the protected
        monument or site may be put to. However, the spirit and letter of this
        clause are not enforced when permission is given for events to be held.
        HWF has organized annual events for fundraising for the Fort with
        permission from the Ministry however an impact assessment of such
        events on the fragile structures of the fort needs to undertaken.
        \uf03f\uf020In spite of the stringent fines and punishments that are laid out in Clause
        19 for willful damage to a monument, it has not been possible for the
        Department to protect the various structures from graffiti and other forms
        of vandalism. Among the problems are the lack of sufficient number of
        guards, but also the problem in enforcing punishment since the
        Department does not enjoy magistrate\u2019s powers necessary for
        enforcement.
        \uf03f\uf020Clause 22 requires that \u201cno development plan or scheme or new
        construction on, or within a distance of two hundred feet of a protected
        immovable antiquity shall be undertaken or executed except with the
        approval of the Director General;\u201d however the community living within
        the Fort itself continues to construct and expand. The DOAM has been
        unable to enforce this regulation due to shortage of staff and the lack of
        engagement of provincial and local government in enforcing the above
        clause. A clear cut buffer zone does not exist due to the topography of the
        area. A 75 meter buffer zone around the perimeter wall has been
        transferred to DOAM since 1993, however a proposal extending the area
        to 750-1500 meters is still pending with the Punjab Government and the
        land is in control of Forest Department.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \uf03f\uf020In 2004 the HWF managed to convince the Ministry to constitute a
        Steering Committee on restoration and conservation of Rohtas Fort as
        under:-
        i) Secretary,
        Minorities, Culture, Sports, Tourism and Youth Affairs Chairman
        ii) Director, UNESCO Member
        iii) Director General, Department of Archaeology and
        Museums, Karachi. Member
        iv) Director, Northern Circle of Archaeology, Lahore. Member\/
        Secretary
        v) Zila Nazim, Jhelum Member
        vi) Representative of HQ 1 Corps As observer
        vii) Representatives of Himalayan Wildlife Foundation,
        Shell Pakistan Limited and all donors. Co-opted
        Members
        \uf03f\uf020Although the DOAM is represented in the Steering Committee its
        involvement in the conservation works being done is limited due to lack of
        staff. It is only in January 2006 that a Project Director has been in place to
        oversee the works of the approved PC-1 2005. The Steering Committee
        has also constituted a Rohtas Fort Management Committee, which
        includes members from the community of Rohtas Town.
        5.2.3 Staffing
        The staff deputed by DOAM at the world heritage site is far short of the
        requirements specially keeping in view the vast area that it covers. A staff of
        four persons is the total staff strength allotted to the fort. There is only one
        archaeological officer along with a staff of three others (out of which one post
        has been lying vacant) to carry out maintenance\/ monitoring works at Rohtas
        Fort. A conservation assistant who is often deputed to other works and a
        junior archaeological officer has been posted temporarily are the only
        technical persons to look after the conservation maintenance and monitoring
        needs of such a large complex.
        The recently approved PC-I by the Federal Government has recommended a list
        of staff headed by a Project Director, which will improve the situation. However
        due to a shortage of availability of trained archeologist and architects, the
        positions are yet to be filled.
        Development schemes and PC-1 s
        Conservation and development Schemes for Rohtas have taken the form of PC-1
        documents. These are designed to serve as applicatio ns for government funds for
        specific works, giving a brief background of proposed works and quotations for
        manpower and materials. The PC-1 normally provides only general information
        on civil works items. Schemes prepared on PC-1 Performa lack detailed
        justification for proposed works; the information given on the Performa fails to
        provide details regarding location and measurements of an item of work and thus
        cannot be a substitute for a full and detailed report.
        The lack of detailed work specifications as a part of the PC-1 Performa leaves the
        use of funds and decisions regarding treatment of historic fabric mostly to the
        discretion of the site supervisor. Much of the unfortunate and unnecessary
        intervention in evidence is likely to be due to these discretionary powers allowed<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        under the present system. The conservation of monuments or archaeological sites
        requires special expertise in order to cope with unexpected findings, their
        interpretation and treatment. Too often, a contractor appointed through the
        government tender system does not have these skills and uses inappropriate tools
        and methods on historic fabric. The contract system has resulted in a great deal of
        sub-standard conservation work and irreversible loss of integrity to historic
        monuments
        Almost all schemes were revised repeatedly, in many cases because funds were
        not provided according to the phasing envisaged in the scheme. As a result no
        scheme has been completed on time. The formulation of a new scheme or project
        document while previous ones are still in progress has created problems for the
        staff of the DOAM, as the increase in work is not matched by additional staffing.
        The result is that normal maintenance and repairs are abandoned and all buildings
        not included in the new Schemes suffer further neglect. The lists of PC-1 prepared
        by the department to date are as follows:
        \uf03f\uf020A PC-1 document was prepared in 1990 with a cost of Rs.19.47
        Million. The Ministry of Culture approved it at a much-reduced cost
        of Rs.4.8 Million. The amount that was realized was subsequently
        even less than the actual requirement.
        \uf03f\uf020In 1999 the Governor of Punjab emphasized on the preparation of a
        master plan and the department requested NFCH for the provision of
        Rs.1.326 Million, Unfortunately, funds were not released by the
        NFCH and no work was carried out.
        \uf03f\uf020In 2000, the department prepared 10 schemes in the form of PC-1,
        which were again not approved due to a ban on new schemes.
        \uf03f\uf020In January 2004 in the meeting of the Steering Committee the DOAM
        presented an outline of a Master Plan to be prepared for the
        conservation and preservation of the fort. The Secretary Culture
        observed that the Master Plan would take some time for finalization
        and the department should initiate stabilization work and all the PC-
        1\u2019s submitted earlier should be combined, its costs revised and
        submitted for approval to the ministry.
        This PC1 has now been approved and it includes the hiring of professional
        staff with a Project Director heading a team of professionals including
        architects archaeologists, conservators and supervisory staff. The hiring of
        this staff is in process at the time of the writing of this document. Some
        limited staff is already in place.
        5.2.5 Funding Procedures
        Financial Management
        As with other government departments, the financial management with the federal
        Department of Archaeology (DOAM) was equally poor. There were a number of
        bureaucratic channels before the money could actually be spent on the
        monuments. This was probably because of the fact that all the financial powers
        were with the Director General whose offices are in Karachi. The Director
        Northern Circle had limited powers to spend as small an amount as Rs. 25000\/=.
        Any amount beyond this required the approval of the Director General in Karachi
        and the Federal Ministry in Islamabad. The budget estimates kept shuttling
        between Lahore, Karachi and Islamabad leaving very little time for actual<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        physical implementation before the end of the fiscal year. These bottlenecks
        caused unnecessary delays and the monuments suffered.
        There are a number of bureaucratic obstacles to be overcome before federal funds
        can be spent on the Fort. The national budget is announced in June but it takes
        several months before the information reaches the Department of Archaeology
        (DOAM) and its regional offices. The amounts are then allotted to various
        monuments. But the process for making actual expenditures is lengthy and
        bureaucratic. The Director has the power to spend up to only Rs. 25,000. Beyond
        this sum, detailed conservation pla ns and budget estimates in the form of
        Conservation Notes are prepared for the approval of the Director
        General\/Ministry. The process can only be completed by the end of November or
        early December, when half the fiscal year has already passed. The budget
        estimates then pass between offices until all objections and queries are settled, a
        process that may take several more months. As a result, the earliest that approval
        can be received is the middle or end of April. This leaves only two months in
        which the Department of Archaeology (DOAM) must carry out implementation of
        all the works before the end of the fiscal year. There is inevitable pressure to
        finish the work quickly. Hasty execution and dependence on \u2018replacement and
        reconstruction that can be carried out quickly, rather than painstaking preventive
        conservation, can be directly attributed to this system for the release of funding\u201d.
        With a Project Director (PD) now in place conservation works at Rohtas by the
        Department of Archaeology (DOAM) may significantly improve. However, it is
        the motivation of the PD that will ensure improved and efficient implementation.
        HWF has managed to raise funds from NFCH as well as from other donors.
        Through the Steering Committee, it has got approval to collect gate money and
        deposit it with the District Coordination Officer (DCO). The Management
        Committee of Rohtas Fort manages this money.
        Financial Situation
        The financial situation of the Federal Department of Archaeology (DOAM) in
        respect of Rohtas Fort is now fair ly encouraging, Apart from the routine budget
        allocation for the Department of Archaeology (DOAM), the Federal government has
        provided a large sum of money i.e Rs.163.000 million to be utilized in the next five
        years for this world heritage site through the approval of the above mentioned PC-1.
        5.2.6 Training
        The only training institute available is the Pakistan Institute of Archaeological Training and Research in Pakistan
        (PIATR) at the Lahore Fort. Although architecture is taught at various institutions including the National College
        of Arts and University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore no degree course is offered in conservation and
        traditional building methods and building crafts. The only conservation course that has been initiated recently is at
        the NED University, Karachi. National College of Arts is in the process of establishing a program in conservation
        and management studies. These are two institutions offering degree programs in archeology in Peshawar University
        & Punjab University.
        Since much of protected heritage consists of standing monuments, it is essential to
        provide conservation training to architects and engineers. The lack of sufficient
        technical expertise within the DOAM has been identified as one of the key causes
        for inappropriate conservation works. By instituting conservation courses within
        architectural and engineering schools and the PIATR, the Department of
        Archaeology (DOAM) will be strengthened through induction of technical
        personnel who are conversant with conservation issues and will be able to oversee
        works required for safeguarding heritage assets.
        The staff at DOAM requires specific training and core competency training<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        programs. UNESCO could act as a key agent to provide assistance in the form of
        workshops and short courses for the staff. Standard operating procedures for each
        job need to be put in place and the staff should be fully conversant with these
        procedures before undertaking any action
        ISSUES:
        Issue 1: The need for a structured, multi\u2013 stakeholder management system
        to guide conservation and management
        Issue 2: A broader based and more efficient funding approach
        Issue 3: The lack of trained manpower in conservation & related subjects.
        Issue 4: The need for an improved and better-informed management team
        to implement the master plan.
        Issue 5: The need for core competency training at all levels of staff
        Issue 6: The need for a clear definition of job scope in the form of SOPs
        Table 5.2: Management Issues
        MONITORING AND MAINTENANCE ISSUES
        5.3.1 Routine Monitoring and Maintenance.
        The DOAM carries out no comprehensive or systematic monitoring of building
        condition and maintenance at Rohtas or any other site. This is in a large part due
        to staffing limitations. Apart from technical staff, the basic staff of guards,
        cleaners\/sweepers, gardeners and a wide range of professional expertise needed
        for safeguarding such a large monument are lacking, with inevitable results.
        Routine maintenance is carried out on verbal instruction; systematic records are
        kept only in exceptional circumstances. Separate systems do not exist for
        monitoring the condition of the monuments and for implementing required
        maintenance. There is only one team carrying out both with no system of
        crosschecking and certification. In addition, no specific research or site
        investigations are carried out in advance of conservation and maintenance
        interventions.
        5.3.2 Monitoring on Conservation Works
        The Ministry of Culture, Sports, Youth Affairs and Tourism and the AG\u2019s Office
        carry out monitoring of conservation work carried out by the Department of
        Archaeology (DOAM) on approved Development Schemes on PC- IV and PC-I
        formats. These performas do not suit monitoring of conservation works as they
        were designed for monitoring of new works and don\u2019t provide adequate baseline
        information about the buildings and interventions.
        This extremely unsatisfactory state of affairs allows latitude to those who are
        entrusted with the work of conservation. Due to a lack of an efficient reporting
        and monitoring system, the works are carried out on the will of those executing
        them without regard to the importance of following accepted conservation
        principles. Since the quality and expertise of those executing the project varies
        enormously, it is critical that all works are monitored carefully and diligently.
        5.3.3 Maintenance of Ruins and Archaeological Remains
        The site comprises essentially the fortification wall and a few structures. The
        large open areas are covered with dry sub tropical evergreen and thorny
        vegetation. No archaeological studies have been conducted and the possibility of
        remains, under the structures of Rohtas Town and the vegetation is there. The
        situation is further aggravated due to the terracing of land for agricultural
        purposes within the fort specifically in the \u201cAndarkot\u201d and the change in the<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        original topography. Soil erosion over the years due to storm water has further led
        to massive changes in the topography. A case in point is the change in the level of
        the \u201cAndarkot\u201d area between Shahi Mosque and Maan Singh\u2019s Haveli where the
        original storm water channel in the fortification wall is buried 25 feet below the
        current internal level. This is an indication of the changes in the topography due
        to lack of maintenance and monitoring. It is seen in places that over 3 feet of
        sweet soil has been added to the original levels. The ruins of Maan Singh\u2019s Haveli
        and Rani Mahal are not protected and people walk and climb over them possibly
        resulting in loss of further archaeological evidence. Construction by the residents
        of Rohtas Town continues unabated and there is no monitoring of the
        developments that have taken place possibly on original historic structures.
        Another source of damage is the constant damp state caused by storm water
        drainage and the sewage disposal from the community living in the Rohtas town.
        Currently the site is overgrown with wild vegetation; this is also seen on roofs of
        the structures and the fortification wall. The ground vegetation does assist in
        curtailing soil erosion of the open areas however the growth of plantation on the
        structures is causing damage. The roots of the plants penetrate inside the
        structures loosening the mortar thereby weakening the structure further.
        ISSUES:
        Issue 1: The lack of systems to carry out and record monitoring and lack of
        systems to upkeep the site with regular program of maintenance
        Issue 2: Lack of staff to undertake monitoring and maintenance
        Issue 3: The need for a system to monitor conservation works carried out
        by the department and under department supervision
        Issue 4: The need for an approach to the maintenance of ruins and ground
        level archaeological remains
        Issue 5: The need to clear wild growth and a review of the planting regimen
        in view of damage being caused to remains \/ structures \/
        foundations
        Table 5.3 Monitoring and maintenance issues
        ENVIRONMENTAL & PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE ISSUES
        5.4.1 Environmental Context
        Rohtas Fort stands at an isolated ridge on the bank of River Kahan at a distance of
        about 16 kilometers from Jhelum. It suffers all the universal negative impacts
        experienced by heritage properties encircled by numerous nullahs and a turbulent
        river, which is very harsh during rainy season. As the Fort was constructed purely
        for military purpose therefore it was located on the highest ridgeline in the area
        for better observation and defense of the fort. The location of fort is now making
        the deterioration process quite rapid and needs concentrated efforts to preserve.
        Effective preservatio n will require successfully addressing the issues of the
        external environment and setting of the site. Its future is directly linked to issues
        of erosion of soil, growing of grass and tall trees to control the effects of fast
        winds and rain water. At present the world heritage site is a lacuna in the land use
        with no recognition of the need to use planning tools to protect it and to maximize
        it\u2019s potential to generate cultural tourism related activities.
        The fort is connected to the main N-5 Road by means of a narrow 12\u2019-0 wide
        metalled road. A bridge over the Kahan River has recently been built thereby
        providing easier access to the fort. However the upgrading of the road has resulted<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        in increased urban development along the road. New buildings are being
        constructed adjacent to the road thereby leaving no land for widening of the road.
        This access road enters Rohtas Fort from the Khawas Khani Gate and exits from
        Sohail Gate. The route is used by public and private vehicular transport upto Tilla
        Joggian. All types of transport enter Rohtas fort for the purposes of providing
        transport to the Rohtas town as well as a link to Tilla Joggian. The entrance from
        Khawas Khani Gate through Rohtas Town is the only route for visitor to the Fort
        creating an extremely poor image of the Fort.
        In 1993 a buffer zone of 75\u2019 meters was defined around the perimeter wall whose
        ownership was also transferred to the Federal Government. Beyond most of the
        land is in the possession of the Forest Department of the Government of Punjab.
        Small private landowners also are involved in agriculture. The proximity of the
        Kahan River adjacent to the mouth of the Fort has also damaged the Fort Walls
        when in high flood. The only Suri period Maqbara stands outside the fort walls
        indicating the possibility of additional archaeological remains just outside the
        buffer zone.
        A large village comprising over 400 houses (Population approximately 3000
        persons) has cropped up within the walls of the Rohtas Fort. There appears to be
        no formal ownership \/ rights, however, the residents claim to have settled here
        centuries ago. The DOAM has undertaken surveys of the encroachments &
        additional buildings that continue to be constructed and have detailed plans from
        1967 to 2004. From these surveys and documentation it is seen that a massive
        illegal building construction activity has taken place since 1967 (See Map # 15).
        Specifically the encroachments are in the following areas:
        1) Along the east edge access road from Khawas Khani Gate heading
        towards Sohail Gate.
        2) Along the eastern and southern edge of the original community.
        3) Development of the area close to Sohail Gate just behind the newly
        developed park by HWF.
        The fact that infrastructure in terms of water supply and underground sewage
        system is being provided has further accelerated the development activity of the
        villagers such as extending the boundaries of their courtyards and adding
        additional rooms to the already constructed buildings.
        Most of the housing, which originally was \u201cKatcha\u201d, has now been upgraded to
        \u201cPucca\u201d housing. The housing is unplanned with narrow streets and open sewage
        lines. The sewage follows down the slopes and falls into the nearby nullah in the
        northeast side. This sewage is causing additional damage to the already fragile
        walls through seepage into the foundation, causing further structural cracks.
        HWF as part of its agenda to uplift the community is in the process of providing
        sewage and water supply facilities to the community. It has also paved some
        streets. An outcome of this has been increased development and encroachment.
        The under staffed DOAM is unable control the illegal encroachments which has
        further aggravated the situation. Most of the households rear animals such as
        goats, sheep, cows and buffaloes. These animals are seen grazing within the fort
        walls. Often they are taken out of the Fort from the Khawas Khani Gate, Tulla
        Mori Gate and Sohail Gate. The movement of the animals and grazing causes
        added damage to the historic structures.
        Development and upgrading of the fort<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        and it\u2019s surroundings for cultural tourism
        associated with the World Heritage site
        will inevitably result in opportunities for
        income generation within the local
        community. It will be necessary to lay
        down clear guidelines regarding what
        type of tourism and culture related
        development would be acceptable within
        the area to secure its protection and
        maintenance. The local government &
        other related government departments
        must play an integrated role to resolve
        these issues.
        Map 15 Survey Plan of Rohtas Town
        Physical Infrastructure within the Rohtas Fort.
        5.4.2.1 Storm Drainage
        The Fort is located at a very dominant location tactically as well as strategically.
        While looking at the plan of the Fort the area can be divided into two distinct
        parts divided by a wall that separates the citadel \u201cAndarkot\u201d and the current town
        area on the east. The area on the east has the natural slope leading to a mostly dry
        nullah running parallel to the Fort wall on the eastern side. The area west of the
        road that enters from Khawas Khani Gate, leads to Sohail Gate is drained into
        Kahan River.
        The natural slopes and gullies dictate the drainage patterns of the fort. The
        builders of the fort designed the drainage of the fort by providing storm water
        outlets in the walls. The topographic map of the fort shows the beds levels of
        nullahs running within the site and the external area. These have been demarcated
        in the drainage plan Map # 13. However due to the changing topography over the
        years either through manmade interventions or natural erosion of parts of the area
        number of drainage outlets have become nonfunctional due to change in the inside
        level of the fort due to soil erosion. In addition the lack of documentation
        regarding the historical drainage system hampers the planning of overall drainage
        of the site. A detail of the existing levels and drainage patterns has been provided<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        in Section 4 of this report however there is a great deal of investigation that is still
        needed to assess the current drainage needs \/ patterns as part of a proposed
        hydrology study.
        The slope of the area is providing efficient drainage but lack of planning and
        maintenance over the centuries has allowed wild \u201ckekar\u201d to prosper thus
        contributing to excessive erosion and making the slopes much steeper and sharper
        than desired. This has resulted in excessive erosion and wastage of land.
        The drainage can be discussed under the following sub heads.
        i) Drainage of the area in the \u201cAndarkot\u201d
        ii) Impact of storm drainage on the dividing wall
        iii) Drainage of Eastern area between the village and the Fort Wall
        iv) Drainage of Rohtas Village.
        i) Drainage of the area in the \u201cAndarkot\u201d
        This area has primarily five outlets for the storm drainage that have been defined
        by the natural topogr aphy. The original drainage channels are visible in exterior
        of the fort walls, however due to the changes in the internal levels of the
        \u201candarkot\u201d some of them are not operational resulting in extensive damage to the
        walls due to the water penetration. The fast flowing water of the ravine between
        Shahi gate and Shishi Gate has pulled down an entire portion of the wall. Shahi
        gate is being damaged due to the flow of the storm water flowing down from the
        \u201cAndarkot\u201d towards the outside down the steps\/ramp leading to the Baoli and
        Kabuli Gate. A similar situation is also seen in the Talaqi gate. The low- lying area
        between Shah Chand Wali Gate and Maan Singh\u2019s Haveli acts a catchment area
        for the storm water to collect before it disposes out from the fort wall opening in
        the south. This catchment area may possibly be the cause of the settlement of the
        Dividing wall and Shah Chand Wali Gate. A detailed hydrology study is
        recommended to identify the impact of storm drainage on the walls and structures
        of the \u201cAdatkot\u201d
        ii) Impact of storm drainage on the
        Dividing Wall
        The Dividing Wall is in a very precarious condition due to the ravages of storm
        drainage especially from the Ravine that leads close to Shah Chand Wali Gate
        toward the north wall. This strong torrent of water has damaged the Dividing Wall
        as well as the fortification wall at the outlet on the north. Fifty percent of the
        Dividing Wall has fallen particularly the area between Shah Chand Wali Gate and
        Rani Mahal. The stresses due to the falling wall are damaging the standing
        portions of the wall.
        iii) Drainage of Eastern Area between the Village & Fort Wall.
        Area around the village stands neglected since centuries and is full of graveyards
        and wild growth. As there was no central authority to administer the area thus
        almost all useful trees and shrubs have been cut and used as fuel. There are only
        five trees of some value. Two of these are located on the edge of water pool \/
        pond near the Sohail Gate and three are located near the Girls High School on the
        east side of the village.
        The soil in the area is generally sandy with trace silt thus gets easily disturbed by
        the animal traffic when dry. The land is not under agriculture thus stands totally
        neglected. People in the village rear goats and cows, whic h are allowed to graze in<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        the barren land around the village. Excessive grazing has resulted in shortage of
        grass thus contributing to excessive erosion and creation of many small nullahs
        and exposing of Fort Wall Foundations.
        There are historical exits of the storm drainage in the fort wall located at areas where
        the natural topography creates nullahs and drains that lead the storm water out of the
        fort. One of these drains in the wall near Tulla Mori Gate are clogged due to the inner
        level of the land having been raised This is causing a lot of dampness in the fort wall
        and the wall has been scoured on the outside and it is hanging precariously on a rock
        outcrop.
        iv) Drainage of Rohtas Village.
        This is an unplanned village without any planned drainage system. The
        streets are primarily unpaved except the Main access road from Khawas
        Khani Gate to Sohail Gate and Heritage Street recently paved through the
        efforts of HWF. The villagers are draining the sillage water into the
        katcha\/unlined drains and allowing it to flow at will. During rains the storm
        water flows at a great speed thus eroding the katcha surface. HWF and the
        management committee are in the process of providing an underground
        sewerage system to the village. This will definitely create a healthy
        community however its major consequence is consolidation of the community
        upgrading and construction of new structures in complete violation of the
        historicity of the area considering that there are limited checks and balances
        on the implementation of the Antiquities Act pertaining specifically to new
        construction within the site and its buffer zone.
        5.4.2.2 Sewerage
        The sanitary conditions in the Rohtas Town are extremely poor. Except the main
        road entering at Khawas Khan gate and leaving at Sohail Gate there are only two
        paved streets. One of the streets has been laid with concrete blocks, on
        intervention of the HWF. The tiles have been fixed on a sand bed laid on a
        recently provided sewer that runs in the center of the street and has already started
        showing signs of settlement because of un-compacted fill over the sewer. This
        street is named as HERITAGE STREET and takes off from the Over Head Water
        Reservoir and connects with the main road and another brick lined street near
        MATA KAUR Residence. The rest of the streets are unpaved\/katcha and do not
        follow any pattern which speaks of unplanned and haphazard growth in the
        village. The streets are uneven, dusty and littered with animal scatterings and
        sewage water.
        Area around the village is undeveloped and has thorny bushes in most of the
        empty space. For centuries rainwater has been flowing on the routes offering least
        resistance hence giving rise to many kacha drains or nullahs. Toilet facilities have
        been provided in the offices of the Archaeology Department and the offices of
        HWF. A set of toilets has also been constructed for tourists in the same location.
        The existing sewerage system in the Rohtas Fort and the settlements inside the
        fort is of following two types.
        i. Modern water borne system with sewer, septic tank and sludge ponds.
        ii. Primitive house latrines connected to a septic tank cum soakage pit.
        Modern System:
        A new properly designed sewer has been laid in part of the village. This sewer
        collects the raw sewage from the houses and transports it to a central septic tank<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        and then links it to the sludge tanks where the partially digested sewage is aerated
        and ultimately converted to manure. This system is environment friendly and is
        likely to last longer if properly maintained.
        Primitive System:
        This system is being used by most of the houses and is a health and environment
        hazard. The raw water from the so called septic \/ soakage pits runs into the street
        drains which at places are unpaved and ultimately contaminates the soil and
        percolates into the ground. The village discharges it sewage into the general
        environment and the surrounding landscape is being polluted. There is a need to
        educate the residents regarding construction of proper septic tanks based on
        number of users and connection of septic tanks to soakage pits with proper
        percolation beds and vent pipes to safeguard against contamination of soil and air.
        5.4.2.3 Water Supply & Distribution
        a. Tube well.
        A tube well was installed some time ago on the pool of Chua Nankana
        near Talaqi gate which provided water to the inhabitants of the town
        through an overhead water reservoir located in the village for further
        distribution to the villagers by gravity system. This water supply system
        became defective and thus has been discarded, as the water being supplied
        was not very hygienic.
        A new tube well has been installed at the bank of the Kahan River to
        provide quality water to the Rohtas village. This tube well is linked to a
        new 10,000 gallons capacity R.C.C. overhead water reservoir in the
        Rohtas Town by a 3\u201d dia. G.I. pipe and is capable of providing water to
        the entire town by gravity system.
        The newly installed tube well (Turbine) is in a perfect condition and is
        being maintained by trained staff. The newly constructed overhead water
        tank is also in good condition but the newly laid water supply pipe has not
        been laid at required depth i.e 3\u2019 ~ 3.5\u2019. The pipe was visible at locations
        and it is feared that it will get damaged due to animal traffic in the streets.
        There are a number of joints in the pipe, which are leaking particularly
        near Mori gate, which is also damaging the Fortification Wall.
        b) Baoli\u2019s:
        To meet the day-to-day needs of the Suri Army, three \u201cbaoli\u2019s\u201d were
        constructed. The location of the baoli\u2019s was probably dictated by the user
        requirements i.e. one for the Royalty in Shahi Gate second for the general
        public and animals (horses + mules) near Tulla Mori Gate and the third
        inside the Langar Khani Gate. The water was drawn by the following
        methods.
        i). Manually.
        Any person requiring water for personal use could make use of the steps leading to the water level
        and fetch the water for his personal use or for his superiors.
        ii). By Bucket & Pulley
        Large diameter pullies were operated by the water carriers (suqqas)
        with rope tied to the pulley at one end and a bucket on the other
        end. The bucket was lowered to the water by unwinding the rope
        and then lifted by winding the rope on the pulley by operating it
        clocks wise or anti-clock wise. Water so drawn was stored in tanks
        for use by humans and war animals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        All the three \u201cbaoli\u2019s\u201d need cleaning and maintenance to make
        them attractive for the tourists and to make then serviceable. These
        can be a good source of water for drinking, washing and other
        purposes. This will also save laying of longer length of pipes to
        feed the scattered houses.
        c) Apart from the Baolis there are a number of wells that are currently
        derelict. The option of revitalizing these wells will also add value for
        visitation.
        d) Drinking Water for Rohtas Town Visitors and Staff.
        The water distribution system of Rohtas settlement and the official
        buildings depends on the two overhead water reservoirs. The old tank is
        low in height and has been decommissioned with the construction of a
        new RCC overhead water reservoir. The old water supply system has also
        been discarded through still partially serviceable and new lines laid in the
        village at shallow depths. Both the tanks are located in the center of the
        area at an ideal location and are being looked after properly. The water
        being supplied at the moment is only adequate for drinking and washing
        purpose and cannot be used for irrigation of lawns and horticulture
        activities.
        There is only one toilet facility for the visitors, which is located near the
        DOAM offices, which falls far short of requirements considering the vast
        area that visitors cover. There is no provision of drinking fountains in the
        entire 240 acres of the site.
        5.4.2.4 Solid Waste.
        Solid waste in generated by the inmates of the Rohtas Village, the domestic
        animals and visitors. The villagers clean their houses and throw away the minor
        quantities in the dusty streets and major portion is dumped at locations of their
        own choice. As the area around the village is open and there are numerous nullahs
        thus no attention is being paid to the hygienic disposal of the solid waste. There is
        a large waste dumping ground just outside Khwas Khani Gate which provides a
        very unpleasant view to the visitors entering the Rohtas Fort.
        Recently the area adjacent to the Sohail Gate and Haveli Maan Singh has been
        landscaped by HWF and some waste buckets placed at some points. There is no
        mechanism to encourage the visitors to desist from throwing garbage in the lawns.
        It has been accepted as the norm that people are free to throw garbage all around
        the place which must later be picked up.
        5.2.4.5 Electrification
        The entire village is supplied electricity through overhead cables and poles adding
        to the visual intrusions within a heritage site. HWF has added lighting to the
        pathways leading from the parking lot to Shah Chand Wali Gate and Man Singh\u2019s
        Haveli. The lighting has been provided through underground cables. During
        annual events and the light & sound shows electric fittings are placed on the
        historic fragile structures causing damage.
        5.2.4.6 Security:
        There is negligible security system in place and the entire fort is open to any kind
        of vandalism. The 10 gates and six openings allow entry from anywhere without
        any controls particularly the local population. The limited staff of the DOAM and
        the HWF is unable to exercise proper control in the area that encompasses the
        fort. The existing six-man security staff provided by the HWF barely covers<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        security for their own offices and the area where their conservation works are in
        progress
        Wild Growth and Plantation:-
        The entire area apart from the built- up area is covered with wild growth. An aerial
        view of 1954 shows the land within the \u201cAndarkot\u201d terraced and under
        agriculture. Today it is completely covered with shrubbery and wild \u201ckekar\u201d,
        making it difficult for visitors to move around except for a few demarcated
        walkways. A study on the plantation of the immediate environs and within the fort
        has recently been completed for HWF. The study provides details of the existing
        plants as well as proposed for new plantation. A detailed landscaping study will
        provide options for development of the large open areas of the site
        Issue 1: The need to guide physical development along the access from N-5
        Road to Rohtas Fort and to create development plans of the
        immediate environment.
        Issue 2: A phased approach to stop entry of all private and public vehicular
        traffic inside the fort.
        Issue 3: The need to remove encroachers and upgrade the Rohtas Town
        environment and ensure that controls are put in place to maintain
        standards within the site.
        Issue 4: Setting up formal links at district government level to ensure that
        conservation, planning and development is carried out within an
        Integrated Planning Context.
        Issue 5: The need to identify where uncontrolled water is damaging the
        monuments and find ways to control and reroute storm drainage
        Issue 6: The provision of better and increased toilet facilities for tourists
        which do not have adverse impact on the site.
        Issue 7: The cleaning and restoration of baolis
        Issue 8: Control of garbage deposition and a more efficient removal system
        Issue 9: Removal of electrical fixtures, brackets and wires which are having
        direct impact on monuments.
        Issue 10: The need for improvement in lighting for evening use.
        Issues 11: Improved system of security
        Table 5.4: Environmental and Physical Infrastructure Issues
        A parking lot has been developed adjacent to Sohail Gate. Vehicles such as buses
        and trucks that run between Dina and Tilla Joggian enter the Fort of Khawas
        Khani Gate run through the community and exit from Sohail Gate. This traffic is
        very disruptive for the environment of Rohtas Fort.
        A visitor center and a museum are in the process of being established at Sohail
        Gate by HWF. They have also landscaped an area between their office and the
        Sohail Gate. The children of the community use this area. Visitors move into the
        \u201cAndarkot\u201d from the parking lot, go past Shah Chand Wali Gate, on to Maan
        Singh Haveli and Rani Mahal and the Shahi Mosque. With the development of the
        Visitors Center and the Museum, visitors will also move towards Sohail Gate
        which is the most ornamental of the gates.
        The fact that public vehicular traffic runs right across the interior of the fort has
        an extremely negative impact on the overall internal environment of the site. The
        fortification wall is the largest asset of the site; the views of the fort wall however
        are limited to the visitor only as one approaches the fort on the Dina link road to<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Khawas Khani Gate or from the inside of the fort. The glory of this massive wall
        can only be admired from outside-a view that the visitors do not get!
        5.5.2 Community Outreach
        HWF has taken the initiative to create a management committee which has
        representation of members from the community. This has been done in order to
        for the community to have a say in the development activity.The community is
        currently only interested in the development of the homes & improved
        infrastructure. There is no program in which the community can be involved in
        safeguarding and maintaining the site. They have to be educated to own the
        heritage site. The community can only appreciate this aspect if the site provides
        them opportunities get employment opportunities and provide income-generating
        activities. The women and the youth can specially be involved in the cleaning of
        the fort and as guides for the visitors. Training of crafts could also be done with
        the community especially women and encouraging them to learn crafts & produce
        products for sale as souvenirs for tourists. This will have a direct impact on the
        community to \u201cown\u201d the site.
        5.5.3 Interpretation & Education
        The visitor is not adequately informed of the historicity of the building its salient
        features due to lack of signage guides and undefined routes. School children form
        a major chunk of the visitors however they use this premise as a picnic spot and
        leave without being better informed. No educational activities are conducted
        within the fort. The creation of the Visitor\u2019s center and the museum by
        HWF will
        generate an interest and an informed tourist. The development of the Tourist
        information center and the Museum is a good example of the adaptive reuse of
        spaces of the fort by HWF. The museum required artifacts from display.
        There are conservation works in progress by the HWF, however no information is
        provided to the visitors regarding the quality & types of interventions in terms of
        materials or crafts. The large community living within the fort itself needs to be
        informed regarding interventions and information related to the historicity of the
        site.
        5.5.4 Tourist Facilities
        There is a dearth of visitor facilities in terms of toilets, drinking fountains and
        food kiosks. Food kiosks are provided adjacent to the parking lot, however their
        ambience with large \u201cCoco Cola\u201d signage does no justice to the site. The kiosks
        are poorly designed and intrusive in the context of the site. There is limited
        signage and no drinking fountains are located in the large area, which is a dire
        need. There are spaces available as chambers within the fortification wall that
        could be adapted for use for provision of tourist facilities on similar lines as the
        Tourist Information Center and the museum being developed by HWF in the
        Sohail gate. However this can only be undertaken after a very careful analysis.
        5.5.5 Events
        The HWF has been holding an annual event within the \u201cAndarkot\u201d in the form of
        a theatrical light & sound shows for fund raising & awareness of the historicity of
        the Fort. This event is essentially for the elite and closed for the public. Such
        events do bring vitality to the site however there need to be set of guidelines of
        the use of space and quality of staging such events. Such events tend to bring in
        large number of not only visitors but vehicles and laying of infrastructure such as<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        lighting and sound system, food preparation, formwork etc which can damage the
        already weak and fragile elements. Large areas of the fort are available and it is
        recommended that the \u201cAndarkot\u201d should not be used for such events done in the
        proximity of the fragile structures such as Maan Singh\u2019s Haveli, Shah Chand Wali
        Gate and Rani\u2019s Mahal.
        Issue 1: Uncontrolled routes for visitors and vehicular traffic within the fort
        Issue 2: The need to address the issue of lack of understanding and of
        feelings of ownership and commitment within the community,
        particularly women and youth;
        Issue 3: The need to provide improved visitor services and amenities to
        minimize impacts on the historic site as well as be of convenience
        to those covering the large area.
        Issue 4: Inadequate information about the historicity and interpretation of
        the site to visitors
        Issue 5: Development of Museums and the provision of standard quality of
        displays and presentation.
        Issue 6: The need for standards and methodology to guide adaptation of
        historical buildings for modern tourism uses.
        Issue 7: The need for guidelines on the use of areas of the site for special
        events.
        Table 5.5: Site Visitation Issues
        SECTION \u2013 6
        STRATEGY
        STRATEGY
        This section of the Master plan takes into consideration all the issues discussed in
        the previous section and provides a strategy to remove the obstacles in order to
        arrive at an actio n oriented master plan for the conservation of Rohtas Fort. The
        strategies are discussed under five primary headings
        \uf03f\uf020Conservation Strategy
        \uf03f\uf020Management Strategy
        \uf03f\uf020Monitoring and Maintenance Strategy
        \uf03f\uf020Site Visitation Strategy
        \uf03f\uf020Environmental and Physical Infrastructure Strategy
        Under each heading an overall strategy is discussed and it is reformulated into a
        series of objectives that are addressed as actions to be taken.
        6.1 CONSERVATION STRATEGY
        The aim of the conservation strategy is to achieve long-term sustainable
        preservation of the Rohtas Fort. Immediate short-term strategic focus will be on
        emergency measures to assure that elements are not irretrievably lost to future
        generation. All interventions must be appropriate to the situation and decisions to
        conserve must be based on well- judged priorities.
        6.1.1 Overall Strategy
        The overall conservation strategy is designed to address the following issues:
        a. Conservation will focus on all necessary measures to prevent any further
        deterioration in the condition of the historic structures specifically the Fort<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Wall and Bastions, Gates, Baolis and the standing structures of Maan
        Singh Haveli, Rani Mahal and the Shahi Mosque. The loss of heritage
        value will be retained through basic stabilization and preservatio n efforts.
        b. There is an urgent need to identify, document and conserve all
        “original\/historical elements” of the site. By this is meant all structural,
        decorative and design features that date to the period before Partition.
        Priority should go to ele ments which can be dated to the Sher Shah Suri
        and Mughal Period and because it is this cultural significance of the
        monument World Heritage inscription and must be safeguarded.
        c. All conservation work will be carried out according to the list of priorities
        presented in this Master Plan to ensure that whenever funding is available
        it is used as and where it is most urgently needed. Adherence to this policy
        will streamline preservation efforts, simplify applications to donors and
        safeguard the value and authenticity of the site.
        Conservation actions must follow set and approved procedures. No work
        should begin without full discussion and detailed planning by all
        concerned. Work must be fully documented and follow international best
        practices.
        6.1.2 Conservation Objectives (CS)
        CS Objective 1: All works to be carried out according to Conservation
        Action Priority List
        The DOAM has made conservation efforts in stabilizing the walls of the fort
        and gates some structures. The HWF has undertaken restoration of the Shah
        Chand Wali Gate and Talaqi Gate. Works done the Gatayli Gate by DOAM
        on two previous occasions failed and currently HWF has undertaken works
        on stabilizing the Gateway and its immediate walls. HWF is also restoring
        Maan Singh\u2019s Haveli.
        The works that have generally been done have been on the personal preference of
        the staff entrusted at the site without preparing a priority listing, or as an
        emergency measure when portions of a structure collapse due to storm drainage
        patterns, impact of climate, age ing conditions or lack of maintenance. There has
        been no consolidated condition survey documented to date. The UNICON Team
        has undertaken a survey, field notes taken to assess the comparative condition of
        the ruined portion of the walls, gates and bastions. Through these surveys it is
        possible to prepare an outline of priority works in systematic manner.
        The condition surveys by the UNICON Team with assistance from HWF staff and
        the Department of Archaeology (DOAM) staff have been carried out with a brief
        examination of the structures only. A detailed analysis of every section of the wall
        or internal structures has not been carried out. An attempt has been made to
        identify and classify various areas, which need immediate attention.
        Decisions as to what wo rk should be implemented with available funds will
        be made by the Project Implementation Team with input from the Technical
        Committee & Executive Board and for the approval of the Site Commission.
        The Project Conservation Team will implement works with input from the
        Technical Committee. Emphasis will be placed on ensuring the safety of
        structures along with retaining their authenticity and original features.
        It is seen that the location of the fortification wall is such that most of the
        damage is on the outside. Accessibility to the external areas is a difficult task<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        for works to be done on these difficult areas. Coordination with agencies
        such as the FWO would be advisable, which possess equipment to handle
        works on the difficult terrain.
        Diagram Illustrating
        Conservation Action Priority
        CS Objective 2: Procedure for Undertaking Conservation Works
        The following methodology is recommended for undertaking any work relate d to conservation of historic premises.
        The following steps will ensure that the works are undertaken systematically and after detailed evaluation and
        discussion:
        Step 1: It is hoped that by the time any of the actions are undertaken,
        detailed documentation will be available. Accordingly, it will be
        possible to conduct a detailed Condition Survey by recording all
        issues of concern on drawings.
        Step 2: Other studies that will be relevant are accounts of history of
        interventions. Some may be available with DOAM, specifically in
        the annual report of the Northern Circle.
        Step 3: After a thorough review of the works to be carried out, and after
        various studies have been undertaken particularly if there is a
        requirement for structural evaluation etc. the action strategy should
        be re-established: whether emergency work, stabilization,
        preventive conservation\/preventive maintenance, or conservation.
        Step 4: Drawings should be prepared to show the exact nature of work to
        be carried out. These drawings should clearly show the present
        position of various elements as provided in the baseline
        documentation, the actions to be taken and the methodology by
        which the original elements will be retained at the same time
        ensuring that they suffer no harm. These drawings will form the
        basis for the site supervisor to execute the work.
        Step 5: All works carried out should ensure reversibility and safeguarding
        of all original elements. In case any elements have to be removed
        or changed, this should be carried out only after a full discussion
        with the Technical Committee. During and after completion of the
        works full photographic documentation should be carried out.
        Further, all interventions should be fully recorded graphically by
        preparing sections through all areas of work. The \u2018As built\u2019
        drawings will become part of the record and should be placed in an
        established Archive.
        Step 6: A full report on the reasons for undertaking the work, on the
        process adopted and the work accomplished, accompanied by
        drawings and photographs should be prepared and placed in record
        in the Archives.
        CS Objective 3: Full and accessible documentation of all aspects of the site.
        Comprehensive recording and documentation are pre-requisites of any program
        aiming to preserve the universal value of World Heritage Sites and to retain its
        authenticity. Full documentation of the style, construction, materials and
        condition of all built elements of the site will form the baseline to assess
        comparative significance of built elements, buildings as a whole, and historical<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        assemblages. This understanding of the status and needs of the site and the
        identification of authentic elements which must be preserved will form the design
        of the overall conservation strategy in a number of ways; in setting priorities for
        conservation works, in the design of specific conservation works and in planning
        future documentation and research directions. Documentation must be full and
        must meet international standards.
        Graphic and photographic records provide the necessary information for planning
        conservation and maintenance programs; they are valuable for designing any
        interventions and as the basis for further studies. For this reason the establishment
        and proper running of the Project Documentation Center along with training
        Department of Archeology (DOAM) personnel is essential. A documentation
        center has to be established with computer hardware and software, photocopying
        and printing machines, along with digital cameras. HWF had undertaken this
        work however it needs to be strengthened. As per the recently approved PC-1 the
        Department of Archeology (DOAM) has established its Project Implementation
        Team with a project director in place. HWF has provided all the support in terms
        of the data that it has gathered over the last five years and their trained staff
        coupled with the trained staff of DOAM of the Shahi Qila, Lahore are indicators
        that the documentation center of Rohtas has a good potential beginning.
        As a first step it is necessary to initiate a detailed documentation system
        developed by Heritage Foundation, of the entire Fort on the same lines as that of
        UNESCO\u2013Norad\/GOP project of the Shahi Qila at Lahore. This project has
        developed a cadre of trained personal within the DOAM. A project documentation
        center for the Rohtas Fort should be setup on similar lines. The HWF has
        established a documentation center, however a standardized procedure of
        numbering and documenting each structure similar to that of Shahi Qila should be
        established with the objective that the records are available to professionals,
        researchers and specialists to carry on further research, analysis and maintenance
        activities.
        The Table below is a summary of the system adopted for the Lahore Fort project
        Document Aim of the Document Summary of Contents
        Baseline Survey
        Folios
        To assist conservation managers
        in planning maintenance and
        conservation and preparing
        detailed works proposals.
        Detailed recording of each
        element of every building \/
        structure; graphic records
        including plans, elevations,
        sections, photos and
        preliminary schedules
        Dossiers of Histories
        of Interventions
        To serve as a reference for
        conservation managers in
        planning maintenance and
        conservation<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Copies of all reports,
        publications and documents
        describing past intervention
        to each building \/ structure.
        Condition Survey
        Catalogue
        To assist conservation managers
        in developing proposals for
        preventive maintenance or
        conservation work
        Details of materials and
        condition of all primary,
        secondary and decorative
        elements of each part of
        every building \/ structure.
        Documentation
        Catalogue
        To provide detailed 2-page
        summaries of each building
        \/structure\/parts of the fortification
        wall at a glance; to be used in
        particular for setting conservation
        and maintenance priorities.
        Plan, and photo; name,
        location, classification,
        status, use, condition and
        significance;cross references
        to other documents; history
        and date if known;
        checkpoints for monitoring
        and maintenance and
        recommendations for
        remedial action needed with
        indicative costs.
        Table 6.1: Summary Table of The Documentation System
        Samples of documentation catalogues and condition surveys are provide in the annexure
        as examples of the system
        CS Objective 4: Archeological Investigation on the Site.
        The continious development of Rohtas Town should be monitoried particularly
        during the laying of sewage lines & foundation of new structures by the
        community. Works to open up the original drainage channels should also be
        closely documented to identify any archaeological funds. The area around Maan
        Singh Haveli and Rani Mahal has remains of structures, parts of which have been
        washed away or covered with deposition. These are the area where archaeological
        digs must be initiated.
        CS Objective 5: Training Programs for Craftsman
        The craft form at Rohtas is essentially stone masonry work. However stone
        carving on the gates is skill that is almost lost. The se and other crafts such as
        fresco painting must be revitalized and special workshops conducted using the<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u201custad\u201d (master) apprentice system be reinstated. DOAM has a number of master
        craftsmen on its rosters and they could be used to conduct these workshops
        possibly train people within the Rohtas town who can create artifacts for sale to
        tourists.
        CS Objective 6: Support of In-house Conservation
        The objective is to encourage the handling of conservation works by the in house
        workforce rather than outside contractors. This is considered essential to fulfill the
        goal of careful conservation in order to maintain the authenticity of the historic
        premises. The accessibility to the external areas of the fortification wall is a
        difficult task and it may require specialized contractors with special heavy
        equipment. Agencies such as Frontier Works Organization may be considered to
        handle then tasks with strict monitoring by DOAM to ensure conservation
        principals are adhered.
        SITE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
        6.2.1 Overall Strategy
        The Management Guidelines for World Cultural Heritage Sites recommend the
        role of the site management \u201cto conserve the heritage resource and to serve the
        public interest, provided this is not detrimental to the site.\u201d An effective
        management structure, mechanisms and tools must be in place to allow the team
        to administer in as informed and efficient a manner as possible. To meet this
        objective, a Site Management Strategy is being proposed which will integrate
        conservation, training and sustainable management tools into a system of
        consultation. The intention is to assist the custodians of the Rohtas Fort in the
        efficient management of the site. The fundamental aim of site management is
        retention of all those elements, which make the place significant and give it
        meaning.
        6.2.2 Site Management Strategy (SMS) Objectives
        The following objectives are aimed at improved management at the site and
        identification of remedial actions.
        SMS OBJECTIVE 1: Structures for custodianship and oversight
        a. Background to the Strategy
        In order to ensure the safeguarding of universal values for which the heritage site
        was inscribed on the World Heritage list, it is essential that a mechanism be in place,
        which will ensure the participation of all stakeholders for the benefit of the site,
        compliance with Master Plan objectives, periodic review of implementation
        procedures and direction for future activities. This mechanism will ensure that no
        conservation activities are undertaken without an in-depth discussion and consultative
        process.
        A framework, which ensures transparency in all actions that are taken by
        those who are and will be engaged in conservation activities must be established, be
        they government agencies or non-government organizations.
        It is recommended in the Management Guidelines for World Cultural Heritage
        Sites that a Site Commission be constituted in order to ensure effective
        management of each World Heritage site. The Guidelines state that the
        professional and administrative structure of the Site Commission \u201cmay vary
        according to the situation in each country or the character of the site, but its<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        members should be experienced specialists from various professions. Also, it is in
        the interest of the World Heritage Site that the Site Commission\u2019s relation to the
        national government should be such that it has sufficient freedom of action.\u201d
        In the case of the Rohtas Fort, the strategy developed for \u201cMaster Plan for
        Conservation and Preservation of Rohtas Fort\u201d, originally a PC-1 document
        funded by the Government of Pakistan in 2005 has for the first time an effective
        management structure for supervision of preservation, conservation and
        maintenance of a world heritage site and will help in not only changing the
        mindset of the department but also in setting the direction for similar works in the
        future. A development conservation and preservation project amounting Rs.
        163.00 million was approved by the Government of Pakistan and an amount of
        20.00 millions has been allocated for the year 2005-2006.
        A Project Implementation Team consisting of independent Project Director, an
        architect, archaeologist, archaeological conservators, and assisting conservation
        Staff has been recommended. This mechanism will also ensure continuous
        supervision of works.
        A Steering Committee, which is already in place through efforts of HWF has been
        extremely useful in reviewing executed works and setting directions for future
        works to be undertaken. This comprehensive Master Plan document further lays
        down the direction and methodologies along with priority of action, which needs
        to be followed in all parts of the Fort to ensure systematic safeguarding of the
        monument.
        b. Proposed Management Structure For Rohtas Fort
        The following management structure is suggested for the Rohtas Fort
        Considering there are 6 World Heritage sites in Pakistan, it is necessary that there
        is an overall coordinated effort to ensure equitable distribution of priorities. For
        this intent it is recommended that a Director for all World Heritage Sites of
        Pakistan be stationed in the Department of Archaeology.
        i. Site Commission
        The Commission should include representatives of all the organizations and
        bodies that have an interest in the World Heritage Site, where all of them will find
        a voice and will be able to contribute towards the safeguarding of the site and its
        environs. There is a Steering Committee already in place due to the efforts of
        HWF whose responsibilities are similar to the proposed site commission.
        ii. Executive Board
        The board will act as the executive and implementation arm of the Site
        Commission. It will comprise members from the Site Commission, Technical
        Committee and the Project Management Team
        Technical Committee
        A Committee consisting of external experts drawn from various disciplines should
        be constituted to provide advice, guidance and review of proposals from the point
        of view of their impact on the Site. The Technical Committee should also carry
        out evaluation of works executed on the Site.
        iv. Project Management Team
        A project team headed by an independent project manager and department
        officials should be constituted which will prepare proposals and be responsible for
        day-to-day execution of works. Some of the staff has already been hired as
        approved in the PC-1 submitted in 2005 and has initiated work however it falls far<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        short of the overall requirements.
        c. Composition And Responsibilities
        The following composition is suggested for the Site Commission:(13 Member
        committee)
        \uf03f\uf020Federal Secretary, Ministry of Culture, Chairman.
        \uf03f\uf020Secretary, Culture, Government of the Punjab, Vice Chairman
        \uf03f\uf020Director of World Heritage Sites of Pakistan, Department of Archaeology.
        \uf03f\uf020UNESCO Representative
        \uf03f\uf020Corp Commander Mangla Cantonment
        \uf03f\uf020Representative of the National Heritage Fund
        \uf03f\uf020Director General, Federal Department of Archaeology
        \uf03f\uf020Director, Northern Circle, Federal Department of Archaeology
        \uf03f\uf020District Nazim, Jhelum City
        \uf03f\uf020Technical Committee representative
        \uf03f\uf020Project Director of the Project Management Team
        \uf03f\uf020Tourism Industry representative
        \uf03f\uf020HWF representative or major donor\u2019s representative (Co-opted).
        Responsibilities of the Site Commission
        The following are the proposed responsibilities of the Site Commission:
        \uf03f\uf020To appoint the Technical Committee, Executive Board and Project
        Management Team;
        \uf03f\uf020To review reports from municipal agencies on development and traffic
        management projects around the site for their impact on the universal
        values of the Site, and take appropriate action;
        \uf03f\uf020To ensure implementation of the Master Plan and review conservation
        priorities prepared by the Project Management Team and to oversee the
        review of the Master Plan when it occurs;
        \uf03f\uf020To encourage sponsorships and manage a Rohtas Fort Heritage Fund and
        to determine the mode for acknowledging sponsorships;
        \uf03f\uf020To determine the kind, mode and location of activities by external
        agencies allowed at the Site;
        \uf03f\uf020To determine modalities for public awareness, communication, education
        and provision of information along with community and youth outreach
        programs.
        Any deviation from the Master Plan should be referred to an expert committee.
        The Committee must meet a minimum of twice a year; in case of non-availability
        of the chair, the vice chair shall officiate.
        ii. Executive Board
        The members of the board will comprise the following 9-member team:
        \uf03f\uf020One representative appointed by the Chairman, Site Commission as
        Chairperson.
        \uf03f\uf020Director General, Federal Department of Archeology
        \uf03f\uf020Technical Coordinator from Northern Circle\/Director Northern Circle
        \uf03f\uf020Director General, Department of Archeology, Punjab
        \uf03f\uf020District Nazim, Jhelum City
        \uf03f\uf020Town Nazim
        \uf03f\uf020Technical Committee representative<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \uf03f\uf020Project Director of the Project Management Team
        \uf03f\uf020HWF representative or Donor\u2019s Representative.
        Responsibilities of the Executive
        Board
        \uf03f\uf020The Executive Board will act as the executive arm of the Site Commission
        and act as a recommendatory body for the site commission.
        \uf03f\uf020Liaise between the Project Management Team & Technical Committee to
        ensure policies are being followed as directed by the Site Commission.
        The executive board should meet every quarterly and report to the Site
        Commission
        Technical Committee
        A 3- to 5-member committee is suggested which should include experts from the
        following disciplines: architecture, archaeology, hydraulics and structural
        engineering. Additional members can be co-opted as required form a pool of
        relevant experts and consultants. The tenure of members should be 3 years on a
        rotational basis, with a new member being introduced every year in order to
        provide an overlap in membership.
        Responsibilities of the Technical Committee
        The following are the proposed responsibilities of the Technical Committee:
        \uf03f\uf020To determine priorities for activities in the context of Master Plan
        recommendations;
        \uf03f\uf020To provide regular advice and guidance to the Executive Board and
        Project Management Team;
        \uf03f\uf020To evaluate impact of conservation proposals;
        \uf03f\uf020To monitor conservation activities.
        iii. Project Management Team
        The team structure will be led by an independent Project Director, hired through
        an open advertisement or on deputation from a Government Department and
        should devote him\/herself entirely to the monument. The Site Commission will
        confirm the selection of the Project Director. A technical coordinator from
        DOAM will act on behalf of the DG Archaeology. The following composition of
        the management team is recommended:
        \uf03f\uf020Project Director 1
        \uf03f\uf020Architect 1
        \uf03f\uf020Archaeologist 1
        \uf03f\uf020Conservation Engineer 1
        \uf03f\uf020Archaeological conservators 4
        \uf03f\uf020Conservation assistants 4
        \uf03f\uf020Site Supervisors 2
        \uf03f\uf020Computer Operators 2
        \uf03f\uf020Procurement Officer 1
        \uf03f\uf020Accountant 1
        \uf03f\uf020Office assistant 1
        \uf03f\uf020Community Liaison Officer 1
        The above-mentioned technical staff will form teams to undertake tasks related to<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        conservation works, monitoring, maintenance and documentation under the supervision
        of the Project Manager. Apart from the management team there will be a team of guards,
        sweepers and gardeners whose job will be to ensure security and maintenance of the Fort.
        These personnel could be outsourced through private companies on contract or hired on a
        monthly\/daily basis. The Rohtas Town community can also provide this service. The
        Project Director will keep DOAM informed of its progress through the Technical
        Coordinator
        Responsibilities of the Project Management Team
        The following are the proposed responsibilities of the Project Management Team
        \uf03f\uf020To prepare proposals for execution in the context of Master Plan
        recommendations.
        \uf03f\uf020To present detailed methodologies for conservation and proposals for
        execution;
        \uf03f\uf020To organize conservatio n activities and provide constant supervision
        during execution;
        \uf03f\uf020To develop proposals for protection, recording and research;
        \uf03f\uf020To propose methodologies for inviting sponsorships for the consideration
        of the Site Commission through the Executive Board;
        \uf03f\uf020To support community and youth outreach programs and liaison with
        voluntary heritage organizations;
        \uf03f\uf020To evaluate and submit reports on the impact of municipal development
        projects around the site
        \uf03f\uf020Hiring of staff for security and maintenance
        Diagram of the Proposed
        Management Structure
        SMS OBJECTIVE 2: Adequate financial resources augmented by a
        diversified funding base.
        A focused funding approach is needed to ensure that the custodians of Rohtas Fort
        have flexible and diverse resources with which to implement management
        decisions and to carry out systematic conservation. In the past departmental
        funding situation fell far short of required resources. After the approval of Master
        Plan for Conservation by Federal Government, substantial funding of Rs.163.0
        million has been allocated for the next 5 (five) years to be utilized by the Project
        Management Team.
        The following are therefore a series of suggestions for alternative and additional
        approaches to achieving a sustainable revenue base (Figure 6.2). The goals are to
        ensure access to funding for cyclical monitoring and maintenance of the site, as well
        as special funding for emergency and longer-term conservation projects. This can be
        achieved most effectively through cooperation and involvement of all the major
        stakeholders in the site: the local community, conservation professionals \/ site
        custodians and the tourism industry.
        The following are sources of diversified funding for preservation and
        management of Rohtas fort:
        a. Government Allocation
        The Government allocation or grant should be utilized for the administration of
        the World Heritage Site establishment; including salaries, utilities and the systematic<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Monitoring Program. They will be responsible for the salaries and staff employed for
        this purpose, as well as costs of permanent staff employed for the implementation
        team, conservation, monitoring and other activities.
        b. Gate Money
        In the year 2003 the entry fee was imposed for Rohtas fort and the gate money
        was deposited in Treasury of Government of Pakistan. In the year 2005, the
        Ministry of Culture decided that the Management Board\/ District coordination
        officer Jhelum would collect the gate money\/ income. This income will be
        directly invested in the site in the form of non- lapsable funds, to sustain the World
        Heritage Site.
        c. Special Project Funding \/ National and International
        These are funds from national and international donors that are provided for
        specific projects or proposals set out in the Action Plan. It is suggested that funds
        received from international\/national donors\/sponsors be dispersed through UNESCO
        through dedicated project teams. Funds allocated to the Project Management Team as
        part of the PC-I Master Plan would also be used for priority conservation works.
        d. Rohtas Fort Heritage Fund
        There is a need for readily available funds to tackle emergency situations.
        Government funding is tied by administrative hurdles and cannot be available when
        emergencies arise. Many a time, immediate first aid measures can save the historic
        property from major damage and extra expenditure. Through the establishment of an
        endowment fund, reserves can be built up which can be utilized after approval by the
        Site Commission for specific activities.
        The Rohtas Fort Heritage Fund is envisaged as an endowment fund, for which
        contributions are solicited from all those interested in the upkeep of the Fort. The
        Site Commission would act as the Custodian of the fund. A Board of Governors
        of the Endowment fund may be established consisting of those contributing, for
        example, Rs. 2.0 million or more. The interest from the fund can be utilized on a
        regular basis for first aid measures.
        Mechanism for disbursement could be as follows:
        \uf03f\uf020FIR by Project Director.
        \uf03f\uf020Review and recommendation by the Project Management Team and
        confirmation by the Technical Committee;
        \uf03f\uf020Approval of disbursement by Site Commission \/ Board of the Rohtas Fort
        Heritage Fund;
        \uf03f\uf020Review and report of completion by Project Management Team and
        approval by the Technical Committee.
        e. Special Event Charges
        It is recommended that activities held in the Fort should be conscious of
        historicity and be compatible with the historic environment. Areas designated as
        fragile and High Cultural Value areas should not be used for any events. To enhance
        appreciation of the value of the site it is important that, whenever possible, events
        should be open to public. If admission is charged it can provide an opportunity to
        raise funds for preservation of the site, which will be deposited in the Endowment
        fund.
        Contibutions in kind
        Although large-scale funding is required for conservation and maintenance,
        contributions in kind and services should also be considered to broaden the base of<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        contributions that can be made to assist in safeguarding of the Fort. All such
        contributions should be actively sought and acknowledged. This will be the task of
        the \u201cFriends of Rohtas fort\u201d that will be responsible for making lists of goods and
        services needed at the site and for aggressively seeking donors. This group should be
        formed to carry out fund raising efforts and organize events and publicity for the
        World Heritage site.
        Individuals with various skills who wish to participate in efforts to safeguard the
        World Heritage site can make contributions in the form of materials and equipment;
        and, most importantly, the donation of time.
        In addition, programs can be pursued which do not involve direct transfer of
        money from donors. Instead, there is scope for contributions of expertise and knowhow
        from other parts of the world. Individuals with specific knowledge and
        experience in dealing successfully with environmental and conservation problems in
        historic fort sites elsewhere could be financed by their government or other agency to
        come to Rohtas Fort, analyze the current situation, design remedial action and help
        see it through to fruition.
        g. Acknowledgement of contributions
        All types of contribution, whether in the form of funds, materials, equipment or
        time, should be widely acknowledged. This can be achieved in a number of ways:
        \uf03f\uf020Discretely placed plaques acknowledging support in the conservation of a
        specific building;
        \uf03f\uf020A large board at the entrance to the site acknowledging major contributors
        of all forms of assistance;
        \uf03f\uf020Use of the media to \u201cadvertise\u201d projects being carried out at the site and
        their supporters;
        \uf03f\uf020Printing of flyers to update visitors on work- in-progress and planned
        projects, acknowledging the support of organizations, corporations and
        individuals.
        All of these means of acknowledgement can be written, prepared and distributed
        by the Friends of Rohtas Fort working with the Project Management Team
        SMS OBJECTIVE 3: An informed management team who understand overall
        conservation objectives and priorities \/ managing change
        There should be an agreed core set of plans and guidelines that drive all cultural
        resource management work at the site. The best examples of management
        demonstrate clear links between planning and operational activity. These links are
        clearly presented in the Master Plan. The aim is to provide a concise summary of
        values and principles, which can then be consistently applied, like a litmus test, to
        the practices of the department. The Master Plan defines the overall theoretical
        and practical approach to site management and conservation.
        It is imperative tha t all staff be aware of the conservation theory and guidelines
        that inform the decisions and approaches of the whole administration. The
        MGWCHS states that management must include \u201censuring that all site staff
        understands the cultural values to be preserved in the site.\u201d A clearer
        understanding on the part of all levels of staff at the site will promote commitment
        and increase motivation.
        It is recommended that PowerPoint presentations be designed to target different
        audiences, from senior management staff through to grounds and security staff. The
        presentations should summarize the overall intent and methodology of the Plan, the<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        integrated action plans and priorities. Presentations for different groups should then
        focus on the important role each has to play in reaching the goals of the Plan. These
        presentations can be shown at regular workshops when the issues can be discussed.
        All those engaged in various levels of conservation work should be provided an
        opportunity to learn from each other and discuss the problems that they face. These
        workshops should be conducted by the highest level of officer available or a
        consultant and should be conducted at least twice a year.
        A request should be made to UNESCO to provide support for conducting these
        workshops in the form of PowerPoint presentations and overall planning in
        coordination with Project Management Team.
        SMS OBJECTIVE 4: Core Competency training for all levels of staff to upgrade
        skills and capacity building of the department
        The first stage of a conservation-training program is in Core Competencies. These
        include training in basic competencies such maintenance, preventive
        conservation, guarding etc. of a heritage site. The following are recommended:
        \uf03f\uf020Site cleaners
        \uf03f\uf020Site guards
        \uf03f\uf020Gardeners
        \uf03f\uf020Guides
        \uf03f\uf020Skilled artisans
        \uf03f\uf020Technical staff
        o Conservation managers
        o Engineers
        o Supervisors
        o Conservation architects
        o Conservation engineers
        It is recommended that UNESCO is requested to design training manuals for each
        of the above in consultation with the Project Director. Such training programs and
        modules are also available with ICCROM and assistance can also be sought to
        provide training for trainers programs.
        SMS OBJECTIVE 5: Implementation of Standard Operating procedures (SOP)
        for frequently performed tasks to ensure consistency and maintenance of
        standards:
        A Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) is a step-by-step set of instructions for
        undertaking a common task in a specialized area. Such a system is essential for
        management and conservation activities and will assist the conservation
        management at Rohtas in the following process:
        o Make people think about what tasks are essential
        o Clarify what these tasks should entail
        o Illustrate how various tasks depend on and complement each other
        o Formalize how essential tasks can be performed in the most efficient and
        productive way
        SOP\u2019s will clearly define everyone\u2019s responsibilities, what to do, how and when
        and what role is played in the overall conservation effort. The SOP will evolve
        out of the Core Competency Training exercises. The Core Competencies will
        evaluate the skills and job descriptions that will assist in the preparation of SOP.
        The SOP\u2019s should be prepared as a group exercise by teams of people who
        perform the job and have an overall understanding of the management and<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        conservation processes and know how a particular SOP will fit into the whole.
        SMS OBJECTIVE 8: UNESCO assistance in creating a support network of
        international collaboration and interaction
        HWF has taken up the conservation\/management study of the Rohtas fort with
        assistance from the Norwegian Government along with other conservation
        initiatives with assistance from the Government of Pakistan. It has also assisted in
        setting up a Steering Committee that includes DOAM and UNESCO
        representation. These linkages have generated an interest within the custodians
        and the government of Pakistan to assist in conservation and maintenance of the
        World Heritage Site. This kind of a collaborative effort has been useful in terms
        of awareness, significance and an interest in the conservation of Rohtas Fort.
        UNESCO can play a vital role in creating collaborative programs, communication
        and exchange with academic institutions, research and non-governmental
        organizations to expand on the efforts of HWF and develop further initiatives
        involving international assistance for the protection and conservation of this site
        as well as development & training of a cadre Pakistani heritage professionals.
        MONITORING AND MAINTENANCE SYSTEMS STRATEGY
        Overall Strategy
        There is no program at present for regular, systematic monitoring and
        maintenance of the condition of historical buildings and spaces at the site to
        ensure that they do not deteriorate to the point that the integrity and significance
        of the World Heritage Site is compromised. There is also no system to monitor
        the implementation of conservation works to ensure that they comply with
        specifications and set standards of intervention.
        In response to this situation, proposals are put forward for the
        implementation of a system of independent but linked monitoring and
        maintenance programs. The aim is to achieve a systematic review of
        building condition in order to identify emergency and long-term
        maintenance and conservation requirements.
        Recommendations are also made for the supervision and monitoring of
        conservation works to ensure that they are done to the highest standards.
        MM OBJECTIVE 1: Systematic monitoring of the Fortification
        Wall & Major Structures of Rohtas Fort.
        It is recommended that systematic monitoring be carried out by a core Monitoring
        Team comprising conservation architect and engineer on a weekly and monthly
        basis so that all parts of the site will be assessed during the course of each month.
        Monitoring will focus on the inspection of:
        \uf03f\uf020Roofs \/ Terraces
        \uf03f\uf020Walls and Foundations
        \uf03f\uf020Cracks
        \uf03f\uf020Storm Water Drainage
        \uf03f\uf020Moisture\/Humidity
        \uf03f\uf020Floors and Staircases
        \uf03f\uf020Drainage systems
        \uf03f\uf020Finishes
        \uf03f\uf020Archaeological Ruins<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        SOP will guide all work. Information will be recorded on purpose-designed
        Performa\u2019s, which include recommendations for maintenance and conservation
        works and confirmation of works done. Special monitoring and reporting will be
        carried out on an emergency basis, for example after heavy rains and national
        holidays or major events.
        Investment should be made in monitoring equipment, including tell- tales, crack
        monitoring points, thermographs and humidigraphs and vibration meters, to be
        used systematically as part of the monitoring process. This collected data will
        form a baseline against which to monitor and measure change and deterioration in
        building condition.
        MM OBJECTIVE 2: A program of regular site maintenance
        The objectives of a maintenance program should be to preserve inherent values of
        an historical property, to safeguard the authenticity and integrity of the structure
        and site while at the same time preventing deterioration of the historical fabric.
        The best form of maintenance is preventive, as stated in the MGWCHS
        \u201cprevention is the highest form of conservation. If causes of decay can be
        removed, or at least reduced, something worthwhile has been achieved.\u201d
        The proposed maintenance program is linked to the routine monitoring of the site.
        Problems identified during the monitoring process will be reported to a
        Maintenance \/ Conservation Team made up of a conservation architect,
        conservation engineer and archaeological conservator with respective assistants.
        All work will be carried out with general approval of the Technical Committee; if
        specialist input is required, the necessary professionals can be attached to the
        Committee on a \u201cneeds\u201d basis.
        The permanent Project Management Team will handle routine maintenance works
        while contractors will be employed only in special circumstances to carry out
        works under strict departmental supervision.
        MM OBJECTIVE 3: Involving the community in maintenance and security of
        the site
        From the large population of 3000 persons living inside the fort there is a number
        of able-bodied persons that could be trained in the maintenance and security of
        the site. Incentive and training of the community particularly women will not only
        create job opportunities but also assist in generating an awareness of the
        significance of the World Heritage Site. Training of a Women\u2019s squad to clean the
        vegetation, sweep and keep the terraces and gateways clean can be a task that can
        be easily be undertaken by women. Employment opportunities for the men to act
        as security guards though direct employment or on contract can be provided.
        Training the educated youth to act as Heritage Guides can be yet another form of
        employment which will benefit the conservation of the site. Over one hundred of
        the community can be employed in various fields that will provide not only an
        income generating incentive but also a community that will be conscious of
        preserving the historicity of the site.
        MM OBJECTIVE 4: A system of monitoring conservation work carried out by
        the department or under their supervision
        Among the standard procedures accompanying the implementation of
        conservation work should be the monitoring and inspection of the work by the
        Conservation Team of the site. All conservation projects should be supervised and
        checked continuously by the monitoring and maintenance teams jointly. This<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        includes study of specific conservation situations in order to design the best
        methodology for works, preparation of surfaces and materials in advance of
        works, writing of detailed specifications and supervision. It is also essential that
        skilled conservation practitioners or contractors with knowledge of conservation
        conduct the work and report fully on completion.
        OBJECTIVE 5: Protection of archaeological resources
        The archaeological resources of Rohtas are primarily lying under the thick
        vegetation & growth. Those that are visible are Maan Singh\u2019s Haveli, Shahi
        Mosque and Rani Mahal. These are being damaged by pedestrian traffic and the
        elements. By and large the information lies sealed below the surface of the site
        but at risk of loss. A comprehensive approach is needed to safeguard remains and
        deposits in-situ for presentation to the public. It should deal with the following:
        a. Preservation of exposed building remains and foundations
        \uf03f\uf020All areas of archaeological remains should be superficially cleared,
        mapped and their condition assessed; work should be carried out by the
        Documentation Center with archaeological supervision;
        \uf03f\uf020After mapping and recording, fragile remains should be recovered with
        soil or gravel;
        \uf03f\uf020Consolidation may be needed for exposed remains to ensure the
        preservation of the historical fabric. Any materials added must be
        compatible and reversible;
        \uf03f\uf020Unrestricted walking is causing considerable damage and climbing on
        ruins and remains; visitor traffic should be routed away from ground level
        remains and areas with fragile ruins should be closed off to prevent access.
        Monitoring of works on site involving excavation
        All works which involve excavation within the site should be prohibited unless
        absolutely necessary. If works must be carried out, there should be an
        Archaeological Monitoring Program in place to ensure that any archaeological
        finds and information revealed are retrieved and recorded. This has to be carefully
        monitored in the construction works being done by the community in Rohtas
        Town
        A consultancy is recommended to design an Archaeological Monitoring Program,
        which includes a manual, or SOP defining methodology, all performas and
        registers, and a program for processing material and data recovered during
        monitoring. Training of Documentation Center staff will be a required
        component.
        MM Objective 6: A clearing Program of Vegetation & Plantation
        This is an extensive project by itself. All damaging vegetation & thorny shrubs
        should be removed. A detail landscape study will identify the plantation regimen.
        Alongside the botanical & landscape study the hydraulic study will assist in the
        removal of storm drainage from the site, reopening of the historic drainage
        channels and development of the site topography to enable removal of storm
        drainage such that it does met damage the historic fabric. Vegetation or ground
        cover as recommended through a botanical study should be grown and
        maintained. Growth of trees that will not damage the structures particularly due to
        watering should be avoided.
        ENVIRONMENTAL AND PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE
        STRATEGIES<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        The existing conditions of the environment and infrastructure of the Rohtas Fort
        and its immediate environs and its issues have been identified in the earlier
        chapters. The following section presents a summary of the major
        recommendations in terms of strategies.
        6.4.1 Overall Strategy
        The overall aim is an integrated and phased approach to the critical
        environmental and infrastructure issues facing the site. An attempt has been
        made to make realistic proposals for change, while acknowledging the
        complexity of many of the environmental problems, and the political and
        administrative realities facing the conditions of Rohtas Fort.
        6.4.2 Environmental Plan (EP) Objectives: Environment of the World Heritage
        Site
        EP Objective 1: Development Plan of the immediate environment of the
        Rohtas Fort\/zoning and regulatory framework
        The District government should immediately initiate a zoning and regulatory
        framework for any kind of development activity in the immediate environs of the
        Fort. Special attention must be given to the area along the access road from N-5 to
        the fort. An alternative route to the through route inside Rohtas Fort to Tilla
        Jogian must be provided. All development activity should be monitored and
        restrictions imposed on the development of heavy pollution emitting industries in
        the environs of the fort. Development of hotels and tourism related leisure
        facilities should be given incentives and encouraged however regulatory
        frameworks keeping the sensitivity of development works, height restrictions and
        form of development in the vicinity of a world heritage site must be imposed by
        the District government\/municipal authorities. A consultancy is recommended to
        develop the regulatory and zoning framework.
        EP Objective 2: A phased approach to the issues of traffic and pedestrianization
        within the site and its environs
        A phased approach to the issues of traffic and pedestrianization is recommended
        which begins with remedial action that can be easily and quickly implemented.
        Phase 1:
        \uf03f\uf020For the time being Khawas Khani and Sohail Gate will continue to be
        utilized as the main entrance to the site; It is proposed that all vehicular
        traffic entering the fort should be stopped and a parking lot be created at
        the entrance outside Khawas Khani Gate along with Visitors facilities.
        \uf03f\uf020Curtail the through traffic within the Fort by means of diversion and
        development of an alternative route. The current route that runs through
        the Fort and is used by buses and public transport should be redirected by
        provision of a metalled road outside the fort that will restrict the
        development of the town within the fort
        Phase 2:
        \uf03f\uf020It is proposed that the primary visitors entrance to the Fort is changed
        from Khawas Khani Gate towards Talaqi and Langar Khani Gate such that
        the tourists enter the Fort directly into the \u201cAndarkot\u201d. For this intent a
        shuttle service could run between Khawas Khani gate parking lot via a
        road developed on the existing katcha track leading up to the Sikh
        Gurduwara, Choa Nankana, extending up to Langar Khani gate.
        \uf03f\uf020Tourists should walk through the \u201cAndarkot\u201d and exit from Shah Chand<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Wali Gate, visit the Museum and the Baoli and exit from Khawas Khani
        Gate thereby bypassing Rohtas town. (See Map site visitation Route plan.)
        EP Objective 3: Plan of Action to control development of Rohtas Town.
        Rohtas village is expanding at a very alarming speed. With the modern facilities
        being provided the villagers have started encroaching on government land at an
        unprecedented speed. The department of archeology has documentation of the recent
        encroachments. The following actions are recommended.
        a. Stop all vehicular traffic entering into the fort.
        b. Stop all building materials from entry into the fort
        c. Documentation of the occupied Land.
        d. Documentation of all premises whose construction dates to pre-partition
        and are of historic significance.
        e. To check land record of last fifty years to ascertain owner ship rights
        f. Define a cut off date for the residents occupation date
        g. Stop provision of facilities like sewerage, electric and water supply to any
        new construction to discourage expansion.
        On completion of above following measures will be required to protect the
        general environment of the Rohtas Village. The measures can be classified as.
        a. Immediate.
        i. Freeze all construction activity with immediate effect.
        ii. Verify present holdings from revenue records.
        iii. Prepare lists of illegal occupants.
        Ejection of illegal occupants and restoration of land to the DOAM.
        b. Short Term.
        i. Documentation of individuals ready to shift to other more lucrative
        locations.
        iii. Payment of compensation to individuals desirous of moving out.
        iv. Denial of business activities to the occupants in the Fort Area.
        v. Denial of Public facilities to the illegal occupants e.g. water supply,
        electricity, sewerage and telephone etc.
        c. Medium Term.
        i. Acquiring land by the district Government at a more lucrative location for
        shifting of the maximum number of Rohtas Village inhabitants.
        ii. Development of acquired land into a housing scheme with electric, water
        supply and sewerage facilities.
        iii. Shifting of Villagers to the developed housing scheme.
        iv. Payment of compensation for the structures being vacated \/ dismantled by
        the people, migrating to the new location.
        d. Long Term
        i. Development of the actual village and the area between the village and the
        Fort
        ii. Incentive to the occupants to develop the village for tourism purposes in
        terms of shops, restaurants and hotels and small scale handicrafts outlets
        primarily for tourism promotion. Construction technology should be
        sensitive to the historicity of the site.
        Any further intervention within the village should follow the recommendations of
        the study\/consultancy for the regulatory and zoning framework.
        EP Objective 4: Implementation of Cultural Heritage Impact
        Assessments.(CHIA)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment (CHIA) is a legally endorsed system by
        which all proposed works, development and construction are assessed for direct
        and indirect impacts, which might result on cultural resources. Impacts are
        identified and, if negative, mitigation measures are designed and enforced to
        minimize them. CHIA is a very useful tool for evaluating the acceptability of
        various proposed works and development both inside and near the site.
        n the environs of the World Heritage Site:
        At present, development is taking place within the immediate environs of the site
        without any vetting or consideration of what affects it may have on the
        preservation and integrity of the site. Any proposed development outside the
        premises of Rohtas Fort should require a CHIA. Responsibility for identifying
        cases needing assessment will lie with the Site Commission. The district
        government should ensure bringing any proposed development schemes to the
        notice of the Site Commission. This aspect can be part of the consultancy
        recommended for the zoning and regulatory framework.
        Within the World Heritage Site:
        All proposed actions or uses of the site would be likely to have a significant
        impact on the outstanding universal values of a site. These should be subject to
        the impact assessment process. The Site Management Team should ident ify cases
        such as the unplanned growth of Rohtas Town.
        A consultancy study is needed to define how CHIA can be implemented in both
        these situations. A different methodology will be required for assessment of
        works outside the site; it will involve liaison with Town and City authorities and
        government departments and, in some cases, with private developers. CHIA will
        need to be integrated into local planning processes. CHIA of proposed works
        within the site has a narrower scope and, being \u201cin house\u201d, is a more straight
        forward process however it will require the assistance of the local government
        particularly in the case of Rohtas Town.
        The study should set out the basic procedures for carrying out CHIA and define
        the qualifications of those who can implement them.
        EP Objective 5: Partnerships with the Jhelum City Government and the tourism
        industry to achieve preservation goals.
        Effective safeguarding will depend on successfully addressing the issues of the
        external environment and setting of the site, in addition to addressing the
        preservation needs within the World Heritage site. Its future is integrally linked to
        issues of population growth, housing & traffic control in the area. Many of the
        problems facing the site are the result of a lack of commitment and coordination
        between various levels of government and different departments. Effective and
        sustainable preservation and management of the site environs can only be
        achieved by committed involvement of all levels of government, relevant
        agencies and the public.
        Responsibility for bringing together all these stakeholders will lie with the Rohtas
        Fort Site Commission. Membership of the body will include representation from
        Jhelum City, and both Federal and Provincial governments. Together with the site
        custodians and Technical Committee, they must monitor plans and developments
        that may have impact on the Fort. As a body they should aggressively pursue
        environmental goals identified in the Master Plan and also respond promptly to
        new developments and conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        The proposed upgrading and controlling of the surroundings of Rohtas Fort will
        create a zone with high land values and development potential. Development of
        this area for cultural tourism associated with the World Heritage site will
        inevitably result in opportunities for income generation within the local
        community, particularly inside the Fort. It will be necessary to lay down clear
        guidelines regarding what types of tourism and culture related development would
        be acceptable within the area around the site to ensure its protection and
        maintenance of a suitable buffer zone and setting.
        Planning should begin now, while initiatives to upgrade the site surroundings are
        at an early stage, regarding how the upgraded buffer zone area will be developed
        for tourism and preservation. An Integrated Conservation Planning and Land Use
        Study is proposed that will provide a comprehensive strategic planning study of
        land use in the Fort and areas adjacent to Fort to create cultural tourism and
        conservation zo nes. It will be the responsibility of the Site Commission to liaise
        with relevant government departments and policy makers to achieve these aims.
        6.4.3 Physical Infrastructure (EP) Objectives
        EP Objective 6: Surface Water drainage on the site and the damage to historic
        buildings.
        Storm water drainage is causing damage to historic structures within the Fort and
        more specifically the wall. This is due to uncontrolled flow of water through site
        and water gushing along the nullahs that run in various areas of the site. There are
        original water outlets visible within the walls however due to erosion of the soil
        and fill in some locations these outlets no longer are functional
        A study is needed to identify remedial action to stop water damage to these
        problem areas and to design a more effective system of storm water collection and
        removal from the site.
        In the interim, it is recommended that stopgap measures be put in place to prevent
        the situation from any further deterioration and to mitigate damage being done to
        historic fabric.
        EP Objective 7: Improvement of toilet facilities.
        The existing location of the toilets is appropriate however it is inadequate in terms
        of numbers. The large expanse of the site demands additional facilities to be
        located in reasonably dispersed locations. It is recommended that some new
        facilities be provided at selected locations, in line with the proposals in the Visitor
        Management Plan.
        These new facilities can be mobile serviced toilets. The numbers required can be
        adapted to visitation rates throughout the year. Mobile toilets will serve visitor
        needs without impacting on historical building fabric or causing potential damage
        to the underground archaeology of the site. If they are to be connected to a sewage
        line the water supply and sanitation systems should be laid carefully and ensure
        there are no leakages that will damage the structures and the subsurface soil.
        EP Objective 8: Management of Garbage and Solid Waste.
        There are two sources of solid waste, one from the visiting tourists and the second
        large amount that is generated by the community A system of solid waste
        management is needed which efficiently and regularly removes material from the
        site and delivers it to storage and transfer facilities outside the site and its buffer
        zone. The first stage target should be the design and implementation of a system
        of upgraded bins located at critical points in terms of visitor movements and
        regular waste removal from the site.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        The local community and particularly the school children should be motivated to
        run campaigns on similar lines as the \u201cNo Litter\u201d Initiative at the Shahi Qila
        Lahore which aims to instill a sense of responsibility towards care of heritage in
        the public, particularly in the young. It will involve registration of school groups
        who will then collect litter; motivation will be provided by a raffle draw and
        distribution of certificates of recognition from UNESCO. Community Outreach
        initiatives like this will hopefully lessen the burden of waste management and
        heighten community awareness.
        EP Objective 9: Upgrading of the electrical provisions at the site
        All electric poles should be removed and electrical facilities upgraded. Welldesigned
        lighting should be installed for security as well as evening use.
        EP Objective 10: Improved standards of security at the Site.
        In order to improve the overall situation at Rohtas Fort it is recommended
        that the existing security system be revamped with an increased number of
        guards on site, provide them with communication and other upgraded
        equipment. It is recommended that the numbers of accesses from the Gates
        be closed. The three primary approaches from Khawas Khani Gate, Sohal
        Gate and Langar Khani Gate should be the only entrances \/ exists to the
        Fort. As a first stage priority, a Core Capacity Training module should be
        written to educate security staff regarding which areas of the site are
        particularly fragile and must be kept strictly off limits to visitors, what forms
        of visitor behavior can and cannot be tolerated and the general need to
        safeguard the historical elements of the site. Involving young Volunteers
        from the community schools can also assist safeguarding of the site. These
        students can be briefed, given caps and badges; they can provide information
        and guidance to visitors while monitoring unacceptable behavior. They will
        have a better rapport with young visitors that will allow them to convey
        information about heritage conservation in a way that regular guards
        cannot.
        VISITATION STRATEGY
        The overall aim of the visitation strategy is to enhance the visitors
        understanding and appreciation of the site & its heritage values while at the
        same time safeguard it from in-appropriate exploitation
        .
        6.5.1 Overall strategy:
        The overall strategy of the visitation policy includes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \n
        1. Making Rohtas Fort easily accessible and enjoyed by a broad
          spectrum of people.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        2. Ensure events & activities presented are of a high quality and use the
          funding raised through these events to improve the site condition.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        3. To involve the existing community and the general public into
          \u201cowning\u201d the site.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        4. Prevent or minimize negative impacts of visitors on the site.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        5. Maximize income generation by providing increased facilities in terms
          of museums, interpretative galleries and events for improved visitor
          experiences.
          Rohtas Fort can be divided into three distinct zones. The fragility and
          robustness of the structures and the area define the zones and use of the fort.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

          o High Cultural Resource area:
          This area include the \u201cAndarakot\u201d including Maan Singh\u2019s Haveli,
          Rani\u2019s Mahal and their archaeological sites, Shahi Mosque, the gates
          and the fortification wall. These areas should be restricted to visitors
          for site seeing, display and educational facilities; no food or service
          facilities should be allowed within these spaces. Considering the large
          area it encompasses drinking fountains and toilets may be
          strategically located.
          o Middle Cultural resource area
          The area on the east of the dividing wall which also includes the open
          areas between the east wall and the town, the area around the Baoli
          and the current parking lot and offices of the DOAM\/HWF. This area
          can be used for events such as light and sound shows, and visitors can
          use this area for picnics. Visitor\u2019s facilities can also be provided in this
          area
          The area covered by Rohtas town
          This area can be developed for tourist facilities such as restaurants,
          hotels penseions, crafts shops and tourist related commercial activities
          6.5.2 Visitation policy
          VP Objective 1: Enhance visitor experience through designated routes
          and improved access
          The Rohtas fort access road from GT is currently adequate however the
          developments along the sides of the road need to restricted and a wider right
          of way should be immediately be acquired by the Highway Department.
          The access from Khawas Khani Gate provides a very poor image of the
          Rohtas Fort as it enters directly into the settlement of Rohtas town. Since
          removal of the entire community is not possible in the immediate short term
          due to legal issues, it is proposed that an alternative tourist entrance is
          provided. An unpaved track that leads from just outside Khawas Khani Gate
          all the way up to the Gurdawara Choa Nankana can be used as the primary
          tourist access and entrance. This access provides a spectacular view of the
          fort wall as the route circumvents around the north wall of the fort and also
          of the Kahan River. The road needs to be constructed between Choa
          Nankana and the Langar Khawni Gate. The spectacular ramp from the
          Langar Khani Gate provides the most majestic of approaches to the
          \u201cAndarkot\u201d. It is recommended that this access be used as a primary
          entrance for the visitor to the World Heritage Site. An interpretation gallery
          at the entrance in the Kitchen chambers of the Langar Khawni gate can act
          as an excellent beginning for an informed group of visitors to the fort. Shishi
          Gate and its magnificent chambers can act as an excellent start for the
          visitors to understand the craftsmanship and decorative styles of the builders
          of the fort.
          To limit the vehicular movement along this path which circumvents the
          north wall of the Fort, the tourist and parking facilities should be developed
          outside Khawas Khani Gate and shuttle services on animal drawn or
          electricity run buggies should be provided up to the Langar Khani Gate way.
          This approach will also act as a religion tourism route for access to Sikh
          Yatrees visiting the Gurdawara Choa Nankana.
          The Rohtas town settlement should be cordoned off and the rest of the areas<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          have routes defined for visitation. The routes should lead from Shishi gate to
          Shahi gate and the Baoli, the Shahi Mosque, Kabuli Gate onto Shah Chand
          Wali Gate and out from the citadel to Sohail Gate, the Baoli, Tulla Mori Gate
          up to Gatayli Gate. Soft and hard landscapes developed to direct tourists to
          eading to these areas should be clearly defined. Appropriate signage and
          information plaques should be place in all the locations such that the tourist
          is informed of the historicity of the location and structures. The routes and
          pathways should also indicate the direction that the tourist can take.
          VP Objective 2: Improvement of the Rohtas Town and incentives for the
          community to develop tourist facilities
          It is recommended that an immediate stop to provide infrastructure
          connections to illegal occupants of the community. The documentation of the
          structures constructed since 1967 as documented by DOAM should be
          verified by the project management team and illegal construction is removed.
          Any additional construction within the existing built structures should
          require planning permission by the project management team and the
          technical committee should approve the plans. Identification of all structures
          that are of historical significance or date back over one hundred years should
          be clearly marked and designated as protected. A walk through the town can
          also act as tourist attraction. The Hindu Temple, Mata Kaur\u2019s Janam Asthan
          and the well\/pond should also be restored and protection ensured. Incentives
          to the community to convert their housing into tourist related facilities
          should be provided.
          VP Objective 3 Community Involvement
          The existing community particularly the school teachers and children should be
          mobilized to involve the community in maintaining the Fort. The local schools can
          act as hosts to the visitor particularly the school children visiting from other area to
          generate a sense of ownership and pride in the monument. The local schools could
          also participate to prepare events involving themselves with other school children.
          Training programs for development of crafts for the community may provide
          employment benefits to by creating souvenirs for sale to visitors
          VP objective 4: Improvement and location of visitors\u2019 services and
          amenities
          Information Booths and Toilets facilities can be located at the following
          points:
          a) In the proposed Parking Area outside Khawas Khani Gate.
          b) Near the Sohail gate Museum and existing office of the
          HWF \/ DOAM.
          c) Information & toilet facilities can also be provided at the
          proposed entrance of Langar Khani Gate
          d) Toilet facilities may also be required near Gatayli gate
          The large area of the site demands drinking water fountains located in
          strategic locations. The signage and improved information for the tourists
          will result in a better-informed visitor.
          VP Objective 5 Adaptive Reuse of Historical Buildings for visitor use.
          The objective for reuse of historical buildings should ensure long term care and
          preservation and minimize any negative effects on the historical fabric of the
          structures. Adaptive reuse can enrich the ability of the historic structure to provide<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          a meaningful and interesting story to the visitor. Adaptive modifications of
          historic structures for use as visitor\u2019s facilities and display areas can rejuvenate
          the structure for visitor appeal. The reuse activity should not in any way destroy
          the original historic elements and if the condition of the structure is poor or its
          significance very low modifications may be made however on a following a
          stringent building modification brief prepared by the conservation team and
          approved by the technical committee.
          a. Interpretative Gallery:
          This should be developed possibly within the chambers of the
          Langar Khani Gate and possibly the Phansi Ghat. The gallery
          should provide factual information utilizing multi media system for
          a better-informed visitor to the Rohtas Fort beginning from the
          entry point. A study is recommended to identify themes and design
          standards.
          b. Museum:
          HWF has developed a Tourism Information Visitors Center
          and Museum at Sohail Gate. The opening up of the rooms above
          Sohail Gate for the Museum is an excellent proposal for adaptive
          reuse. However it requires appropriate artifacts for display.
          VP Objective 6 Events Management
          The fortification wall and the gates provide the most interesting backdrops to hold
          events such as light and sound shows keeping in view \u201cHistorical Site Uses
          Guidelines\u201d regarding lighting, equipment, contact with historic fabric, vibration
          and pedestrian impacts. The fragile area within the \u201cAndarkot\u201d should not be used
          for any events. However the land should be cleared of all uncontrolled vegetation,
          new plantation put in place and appropriate signage and visitors routes defined.
          The area in the southeast can be utilized for events between Pepal Wali Gate& Sar
          Gate where there is an existing cricket \/ hockey ground.
          It is important that visitors are provided with an opportunity to attend events arranged
          at Rohtas as an incentive for visitors. However care has to be taken that these events
          do not pose a threat to the historic structure. A guideline \/ manual should be prepared
          and issued to prospective users of the site \/ or event managers.
          MAP SITE VISITATION
          SECTION \u2013 7
          ACTION PLAN.
          ACTION PLAN.
          7.1 Introduction
          This section presents a series of actions to address the issues discussed in Section
          5 of the report on the basis of the strategies and the reformulated objectives
          proposed in Section 6. The action plan is designed to achieve a short and long
          term vision to conserve the world heritage site in a manner that will meet
          international standards.
          7.1.1 Short Term Vision
          In the short term or the first three year term:
          \uf03f\uf020To identify structures in need of emergency action and to design and<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          implement first aid measures;
          \uf03f\uf020To take all steps necessary to arrest further degradation of the monument;
          \uf03f\uf020To put in place standard operating procedures for basic tasks carried out as
          part of conservation and management of Rohtas Fort;
          \uf03f\uf020To involve a wide range of stakeholders in decision-making and frame that
          decision- making in a context of national and international standards of best
          practice;
          \uf03f\uf020To address those environmental issues which can be addressed using existing
          mechanisms and start to formulate new approaches for solving problems
          which require new partnerships and initiatives;
          \uf03f\uf020To put in place monitoring and maintenance systems as the basis of sound
          conservation management;
          \uf03f\uf020To set a design standard for information display and signage, to put basic,
          first-step displays in place and provide maps, brochures and other sources of
          information for visitors;
          \uf03f\uf020To create a mechanism for community and youth to participate in the
          conservation program;
          \uf03f\uf020To develop a mechanism for ensuring well- looked after and clean premises
          and grounds.
          Longer Term Vision
          In the longer term:
          \uf03f\uf020To achieve the highest standard of conservation of all remaining historical
          elements of the site in order to preserve the cultural significance and
          authenticity of the site;
          \uf03f\uf020To develop a holistic, efficient and practicable management strategy for
          the site;
          \uf03f\uf020To upgrade the environment in and around the World Heritage site;
          \uf03f\uf020To enhance the visitor enjoyment and understanding of the citadel and
          further research and understanding of the history and significance of the
          site within its contemporary context.
          7.2 Correlation Between Issue And Proposed Strategy
          A Correlation between issue and proposed strategy has been prepared in the Table
          below. This correlation is used to prepared the action plan which follows.
          The chart below indicates the issues discussed in the section 5 and the objectives
          derived in Section 6 to address the issues. The Action Plan Table follows this
          summary chart.
          ACTION PLAN \u2013 PRIORITY
          WORKS.
          The following tasks are recommended on an immediate basis prior to any
          conservation works:
          1) Detailed documentation of the Fort beginning with the areas that are most
          vulnerable and damaged
          2) Protective measures to be in place inside and outside the walls to allow proper
          storm drainage and protection of walls from scouring and sliding.
          3) Earthworks to direct the Storm Drainage along original routes as per topography
          including possible opening of the drainage outlets in the walls<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          4) Stop all reconstruction and private development works within the Rohtas Town
          5) All vegetation and shrubbery be removed. A plantation regimen be put in place
          6) The PC-1 document prepared and approved by the federal government amounting
          to Rs.163 Million be revised through a consultant in the light of the master plan
          recommendations
          7) It is also recommended that a Cultural Zone be declared in the area along the Link
          Road from N-5 to Tilla Joggian. All development activity should be monitored
          and developers advised to follow guidelines prepared through a Study of Land
          Use planning in a Cultural Zone and Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment study.
          8) Access to the fort should be limited to three gates only i.e Khawas Khani Gate,
          Sohail Gate and Langar Khawni Gate. The access should be closed in all other
          gates to prevent damage to the gateways due to movement of animals and illegal
          entry into the site.
          7.4. THE ACTION PLAN TABLE.
          The priority levels, target date for completion and agents responsible for each
          objective have been identified in the table below. An assessment of what types of
          resources will be needed to achieve implementation is also included.
          Key for the Action Plan for preservation and management of Rohtas Fort
          PRIORITY
          High A key priority which underpins the overall Plan; in need of
          immediate action
          Medium Critical recommendations which should be initiated \/ implemented
          to prevent further erosion of the site\u2019s value
          Lower Implementation of proposals that will substantially reinforce
          safeguarding initiatives
          Desirable A long term plan for the safeguarding of the site
          PERIOD:
          Ongoing started\/starting and will continue
          Immediate to start and be completed as soon as possible
          Short term within 1 year
          Medium term within 3 years
          Long term within 5 years
          KEY RESPONSIBILITIES
          UNESCO
          GOV Government Departments\/Agencies
          SC Site Commission
          TC Technical Committee
          PM Project Management team
          MonT Monitoring Team
          MnT Maintenance Team
          CT Conservation Team
          C Consultant
          RESOURCES NEEDED
          $ Special \/ Additional Funds
          T Time Input
          S Additional Devoted Staff
          7.5 CONSERVATION PRIORITY<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          WORKS
          The following table sets out priorities for implementation various types on
          conservation works over the five year period of the Master Plan.
          The work is divided into three levels of priority.
          o Priority 1 actions including all emergency and stabilization works;
          o Priority 2 including preventative conservation action;
          o Priority 3 including ongoing conservation needs.
          All decisions regarding preservation and conservation at the World Heritage site
          should be made on the basis of the Priority List. This will ensure that when funding is
          available it will be spent effectively and will contribute to the overall and long term
          safeguarding of the site.
          SECTION \u2013 8
          IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISMS
          IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK
          8.1 Goals
          This section of the Master Plan pulls together all the recommendations for action from
          the various plans and discusses ways in which they can be effectively implemented.
          During the implementation process, a plan often requires reallocation of existing
          resources of time, money and human resources. One of the first activities, therefore, is to
          develop a system that can actually carry out the intended work. It is very important to
          have a clear understanding of how the work will be done and who will do what before
          any work is attempted.
          The implementation goals to follow and monitor the progress on all the objectives of the
          master plan for Rohtas Fort are summarized below.
          \uf03f\uf020Achieve highest standard conservation and presentation to preserve the
          significance of the site.
          \uf03f\uf020Work towards holistic and effective management.
          \uf03f\uf020Seek adequate funding for long-term financial stability.
          \uf03f\uf020Ensure systematic and proactive monitoring and maintena nce of the site;
          \uf03f\uf020Improve the environmental & physical infrastructure with in the site &
          its environs.
          \uf03f\uf020Enhance the quality of visitor experience through sustainable visitation;
          \uf03f\uf020Continue building strong relations with the local community.
          Considering that HWF, an NGO has played a lead role setting up a Steering Committee
          and a Management Committee and DOAM already has a project Management Team on
          board with a budget allocation of Rs. 163.0 million, over a period of five years it appears
          that conservation of Rohtas Fort has a good start.
          The master plan document has been prepared for HWF, an NGO actively involved in the
          conservation of the Rohtas Fort. However the document has been prepared keeping in
          view the fact that the custodian of the site is DOAM under the Federal Government. The
          staff of DOAM has actively supported us in the preparation of this document.
          Considering the task of preparation master plan component of the PC-I, it is this
          document that should now be the accepted by custodians and the approved budget
          allocation of the PC-I prepared by DOAM used under a separate head.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          The fact that a skeleton project management team is already in place, it is important it
          strengthened and supported by the government and all stakeholders.
          8.1.2 Term of the Master Plan
          ICOMOS recommends that planning for management of World Heritage Sites be based
          on a minimum period of 5 years, at the end of which a review is required. This Master
          Plan is designed to achieve its basic vision over the same period of 5 years. The first year
          period, or Phase I will be devoted to emergency and stabilization works, ensuring that all
          forms of deterioration are arrested. Phase II will focus on implementation of programs
          with less urgency but still fundamental for effective management and conservation within
          the next three years. Phase III is envisioned to be undertaken within the five years term of
          the master plan.
          The schematic timetables of various components of the Action Plan are provided in the
          Action Plan Table in Section 7.
          Conservation and maintenance of Rohtas Fort will be a continuous and ongoing process, dependent on funding, and cannot adhere
          strictly to an imposed schedule. The Master Plan has set out priorities for conservation work and has highlighted areas in need of
          emergency conservation action. The funding Rs. 163.0 million by the Federal Government has to be enhanced as per
          recommendations of the Master Plan & an annual budget released accordingly as per the Action Plan.
          8.1.3 Responsible Agents for implementation
          The key agencies and partners that are expected to be involved in the delivery of the
          Master Plan are as follows:
          1) Federal Department of Archaeology and Museums, Ministry of Culture
          Government of Pakistan
          2) Concerned Provincial and Local Government Departments under whom all
          strategic and physical planning coordination will be required within the site and
          its environs
          3) The community and voluntary organizations including the HWF
          4) UNESCO and the World Heritage Center in an advisory capacity to provide links
          with international expertise and potential funding sources
          It will be the overall responsibility of the Site Commission, with membership
          representing all government, institutional and community stakeholders, to ensure that
          actions recommended in the Plan are carried out following the priorities and guidelines in
          the Plan. The Site Commission will be advised by the Technical Committee, who will
          also advise and consult with the Project Management Team. As a World Heritage Site,
          UNESCO and the World Heritage Centre play an important advisory and training role
          and provide links with international expertise and potential funding sources.
          Efforts must be made to ensure endorsement and adoption of the Master Plan at the
          highest levels required to ensure its successful implementation. The most important goal
          is to provide legal cover to the document so that it is binding on the custodians, those
          entrusted with the administration and management, the Site Commission and the
          Management Team. This is essential in order that each constituent is mindful of the
          responsibility of safeguarding the heritage resources and to ensure their integrity and
          authenticity for the future generations.
          In view of the shared responsibility, it is important that all the parties formally agree to
          the stipulations in the Master Plan Document i.e. Federal Government as owners of the
          Site, as custodians of the Site and UNESCO as international agency charged with
          safeguarding of World Heritage Sites.
          REVIEWING THE MASTER PLAN
          Conservation and management of a World Heritage Site is a dynamic process and
          does not stop with the production of a Master Plan document. Decisions beyond<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          the control or scope of the program can change the conditions that the plan is
          meant to influence. The action plan may not be able to meet its goals if they are
          planned to meet certain problems and issues and those specific problems and
          issues change. Therefore the plan’s objectives should be reviewed and decisions
          made as to the best strategies for the coming period. In this way the action plan
          stays flexible and relevant and, hence, is a more effective management tool. The
          MGWCHS states
          \u201creviews at regular intervals can, if the planning process is scientific and logical,
          correct mistakes and refine concepts.\u201d
          It is recommended that a system of review of the issues and strategies be
          implemented and the Plan revised as and if necessary. When changes are
          needed the relevant section of the Plan should be updated and reissued for
          inclusion in the document. All changes and additions should be noted on the
          amendment pages at the end of each section of the Master Plan document.
          The plan should be reviewed as per the following procedure:
          1) Ongoing Evaluation
          This involves continually looking at what and how is being done on an informal
          basis, almost every day during implementation and planning. The Project
          Management Team and other custodial staff as part of their regular routine should
          undertake this form of review or evaluation. It should be formally endorsed in a
          monthly progress meeting.
          2) Annual performance Review
          This is a more formal level of evaluation. It involves reviewing whether master
          plan objectives have been met and determining the most effective strategies for
          the following year. Every year all new information should be collected from the
          amendment sheets and an annual progress review carried out to measure progress
          against the short-term Action Plan objectives. Prioritization of conservation needs
          should be reviewed as part of this annual performance review to ensure that
          funding is spent effectively. The custodians of the site along with the Technical
          Committee in consultation with the Project Management Team should carry out
          this review.
          3) Three Year Audit
          The three year UNESCO Heritage Audit will evaluate the effectiveness of the
          Master Plan proposals in safeguarding the values and authenticity of the site.
          4) Long Term Program Evaluation
          The long-term program evaluation is a less frequent and more thorough
          evaluation. It should be undertaken at the end of the five year term of the Plan and
          involves a review of the strategic parts of the management plan including:
          \uf03f\uf020The vision statement
          \uf03f\uf020The statement of goals
          \uf03f\uf020Identification of Objectives
          \uf03f\uf020Action Plan
          This level of evaluation can determine whether the plan continues to meet the
          needs of the site and the community or whether a major program overhaul or
          rethinking is required. Long term evaluation should be an activity involving as
          wide a selection of stakeholders as possible, including the Site Commission,
          Technical Committee, Project Management team and expert advisors.
          5) World Heritage Committee Periodic Reporting<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          The World Heritage Committee requires periodic reporting on the state of
          conservation of the World Heritage properties located on its territories.
          \u201cTo ensure the efficient implementation of the World Heritage Convention it is
          essential that all the actors involved have access to up-to-date knowledge on the
          application of the Convention and on the state of conservation of World Heritage
          properties\u201d ( Periodic Reporting ). This exercise is be carried out every six years.
          The last reporting of the Asia Pacific Region was in 2003.
          The purpose of periodic reporting is to:
          \uf03f\uf020Provide an assessment of the application of the World Heritage
          Convention;
          \uf03f\uf020Provide an assessment as to whether the World Heritage values of the
          property are being maintained over time;
          \uf03f\uf020Provide up-dated information about the World Heritage property to
          record the changing circumstances and state of conservation of the
          property;
          \uf03f\uf020Provide a mechanism for regional cooperation and exchange of
          information and experiences between States Parties.
          Section II: State of conservation of specific World Heritage properties requires a
          description of the management in place at the site, an assessment of the factors
          affecting the property and an analysis of the state of monitoring of the site. This
          analysis details the condit ions of the property on the basis of key indicators for
          measuring the state of conservation
          The World Heritage Guidelines on Periodic Reporting state that \u201cup-to-date
          information should be provided in respect of each of the key indicators. Care
          should be taken to ensure that this information is as accurate and reliable as
          possible, for example by carrying out observations in the same way, using similar
          equipment and methods at the same time of the year and day.\u201d
          On the basis of this assessment, the guidelines require a description of proposed
          future actions. The proposed review program will generate this \u201cup-to-dateinformation\u201d
          for integration into the Periodic Reporting process.
          PERFORMANCE INDICATORS FOR REVIEWING
          IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MASTER PLAN.
          The most effective tool for reviewing the progress of implementation is a set of
          performance indicators or indicators of change. They allow management and decision
          makers to monitor progress and plan for mid course corrections to programming.
          Indicators must be reliable signals that tell, directly or indirectly, about the real facts
          and answer the question \u201cHow do we know whether we are achieving \/ have achieved
          our goal?\u201d
          Indicators are three types;
          \uf03f\uf020Direct statistical indicators that measure quantifiable change in the short to
          medium term;
          \uf03f\uf020Proxy indicators that are normally quantitative but do not directly relate to
          the expected result; they are used when getting the full data is too timeconsuming
          or not timely. There must be a prima facie connection between
          the proxy and the expected result;
          \uf03f\uf020Narrative indicators which focus on the \u201cprocess of change\u201d where the
          expected result may be qualitative and a non-statistical approach may be
          the only way possible to develop an indication of \u201cprogress\u201d. They focus<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          on what happened as a result of the intervention\/participation.
          Table 8.1. presents a set of basic, short-term performance indicators to
          start the revie w process and to inspire further thought on how to measure progress in
          the longer term.
          SECTION \u2013 9
          RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER
          SPECIALIST STUDIES.
          RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER SPECIALIST STUDIES
          A number of specialist studies have to be immediately initiated to identify the
          causes, consequences and the quality of intervention that is needed for the
          conservation of the World Heritage site;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \n
          1. Detailed Building Condition Surveys: detailed assessments of building
            condition will be required before any decisions are made regarding
            conservation interventions<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          2. Botanical study and Landscape<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          3. Hydrology study including identification of the storm water drains in the
            fortification wall and study of the damage to the walls and structure due to
            storm drainage and monsoons due the modifications in the original
            topography<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          4. Study of Land Use Planning in a Cultural Zone<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          5. Feasibility study for the relocation of the community from Rohtas Town<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          6. Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment study to define how CHIA can be
            implemented for assessment of works outside the site, involving liaison with
            City authorities and departments and integration into local planning processes;
            and for proposed works within the site.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          7. Detailed Structural Studies: Stability studies for walls bastions and structures
            under stress, along with proposals for structural rehabilitation<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          8. Site Interpretation Study: to develop an integrated interpretation policy for
            presenting of Rohtas Fort to visitors. The study should produce an overall
            policy, themes to be presented and plans for implementation;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          9. Archaeological Investigations: to retrieve information concerning original use
            and structures in the current open spaces.
            REFERENCES
            REFERENCES:-
            Department of Archaeology 2005 Master Plan & PC-I of Rohtas Fort.
            Feilden Bernard and Jukka Jokilehto, 1993: Management Guidelines for World Cultural
            Heritage Sites. Rome: ICCROM.
            Khan, Muhammad Ishtiaq, 2005 World Heritage Sites in Pakistan UNESCO.
            Nadiem Ihsan H., Rohtas, Formidable Fort of Sher Shah Suri Sang-e-
            Meel.
            UNESCO, 2005 Shahi Qila Master Plan, Islamabad UNESCO.
            UNESCO, 2005 Conservation & Management Plan of Shalimar Garden, UNESCO.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

            UNESCO, 2004 Cultural Tourism in Lahore & Peshawar Islamabad UNESCO.
            World Heritage List, www.Unesco.org.
            1904, Gazetteer of the Jhelum District Sang-e-Meel.
            BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ROHTAS FORT Available in the Shahi Qila Library
            BOOKS AND JOURNALS: HISTORY AND CONSERVATION.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \n
            1. Abdul Rahid, Mian: Sher Shah Suri; As-Sultan \u2013ul- Aadil (Urdu). \u2013 Lahore: Anar
              Kali Kitab Ghar, 1958, p. 153-54.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            2. Abdul Rehman, Dr: Military Architecture in South Asia: A regional perspective,
              Lahore, UET., Department of Architecture, See in Study in Connection with
              Nomination File of Rohtas Fort for World Heritage List.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            3. Abu-l- Fazal: Ain- i- Akbari translated by Blochmann. \u2013 Calcutta: The Baptist
              Mission, 1873, p. 454, 456, 486.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            4. Abu-l- Fazal: Ain- i- Akbari (Urdu) Vol.II, translated by Blochmann.- Lahore:
              Sang-e- Meel Publications, p.58.S.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            5. Abu-l- Fazal : Ain- i-Akbari (Urdu) Vol.I, Part- II translated by Blochmann.-
              Lahore: Sang-e- Meel Publications, p.745<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            6. Abu-l- Fazal: The Akbar Nama of Abu- l-Fazal translated by Beveridge, Henry,
              Vol.1. \u2013 Calcutta: Asiatic Society, 1907, p. 399.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            7. Asif Mahmood(ed), Major Forts of Pakistan, Sayyahat Nama( English Section).-
              Lahore, The Tourism Development Corporation of Punjab, Ltd., n.d. p. 12.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            8. Badauni, Mullah Abdul Qadir: Muntakhab- ut- Tawarikh translated from Persian
              to English by George S.A. Ranking. \u2013 Calcutta: Baptist Mission, 1898, p. 457,
              466 (n.6), 468, 472, 493, 498, 501, 503, 592.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            9. Badauni, Mullah Abdul Qadir: Muntakhab- ut- Tawarikh translated from Persian
              to English by George S.A. Ranking. \u2013 Reprinted ed. – Karachi: Karim Sons, 1976,
              p. 457, 466 (n.6), 468, 472, 493, 498, 501, 503, 592.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            10. Badauni, Mullah Abdul Qadir: Muntakhab- ut- Tawarikh translated from Persian
              to Urdu by Mahmood Ahmad Farooqi. \u2013 Lahore: Sheikh Ghulam Ali and Sons,
              1962, p. 251, 260, 262, 304, 364, 365, 524.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            11. Brown, Percy: Indian Architecture (The Islamic period). – Bombay:
              D.B.Taraporevala Sons & Co., 1942, p. 93.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            12. Burn, Sir Richard (ed): The Cambridge History of India (The Mughal Period),
              Vol. IV. \u2013 Cambridge: The University Press, 1937, p.51-53, 59, 66, 67, 459.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            13. Cheema, Hamid Ali: Aihd-e-Suri ki Yadgar Qila Rohtas, Sayyahat Nama. –
              Lahore: TDCP. – n.d., p. 16-21.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            14. Elliot, H.M. The History of India, as old by its own Historians (The Muhammdan
              Period, Vol.VI). – London: Trubner and Co., 1875, p. 307.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            15. Extracts From The Dist. And States Gazetteers of the Punjab (Pakistan), Vol. 1.-
              Lahore: Research Society of Pakistan (University of the Punjab), 1976, p.
              259,261,266,269-73,276,277,306,307,308,309,310.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            16. Firishta, Muhammad Qasim.: Tarikh Firishta, vol. II translated from Persian to
              Urdu by Maulvi Muhammad Fida Ali Talib.: Hyderabad (Deccan): Dar-ul-Taba
              Jamia Usmania, 1926, p. 267.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            17. Gul-Badan Begam: The History of Humayun (HUMAYUN NAMA) Translated
              by Annette S. Beveridge. \u2013 London: Published under the Patronage of the Royal
              Asiatic Society, 1902, p. 201.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            18. Gutschow, Miels: Forts and fortifications in South Asia; A comparative stud y. –
              Bhaktapur (Nepal), 1996, p. 7, 8-9 + map (Rohtas Fort). See in Study in
              Connection with Nomination File of Rohtas Fort for World Heritage List.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            19. Jahangir, Nur-ud-din Muhammad: The Tuzuk-I-Jahangiri OR Memoirs of
              Jahangir, Vol. 1, Translated by Alexander Rogers and edited by Henry Beveridge.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
                \n
              • Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1974, p. 96 (see also foot note).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                  \n
                1. Jahangir, Nur-ud-Din Muhammad: The Tuzuk-I-Jahangiri (Jahangir Nama are
                  Iqbal Nama-e-Jahangiri) translated from Persian to Urdu by Saleem Wahid
                  Saleem . \u2013 Lahore: Majlis Taraqqi-e-Adab, 1960, p. 122, 151-52.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                2. Khafi, Khan: Muntakhab-al-Lubab, (Mughal Period from Babar to Jahangir) vol.I
                  translated from Persian to Urdu by Mahmud Ahmad Farooqi. \u2013 Karachi: Nafees
                  Academy, 1963, p. 124.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                3. Khan, Ahmad Nabi: Conservation of Rohtas Fort, Pakistan Archaeology No.24-
                  1989.- Karachi, Department of Archaeology and Museums, 1990, p.225-238.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                4. Khan, Muhammad Ishtiaq: World Heritage Sites in Pakistan. – Islamabad:
                  UNESCO, 2000, p. 59-68.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                5. Moinul Haq, Dr. S. (ed.): Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, Vol. IV, Part-
                  IV, October 1956. \u2013 Karachi: Pakistan Historical Society, 1956, p.253, 256.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                6. Mumtaz, Kamil Khan: Architecture in Pakistan. – Singapore: A Mimar Book,
                  1985, p. 52-54.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                7. Nadiem, I.H.: Rohtas; Formidable Fort of Sher Shah Suri \u2013 Lahore: Sang-e-Meel
                  Publications, n.d.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                8. Nadiem, I.H.: Rohtas; Formidable Fort of Sher Shah Suri, Journal of Central Asia,
                  vol.VII, No.2, December, 1984. Islamabad: Center for the study of the civilization
                  of Central Asia, Quaid-e-Azam University, 1984, p. 135-180.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                9. Nadiem, I.H.: Rohtas; Formidable Fort of Sher Shah Suri, Journal of Central Asia,
                  vol.VII, No.2, December, 1984. Islamabad: Center for the study of the civilization
                  of Central Asia, Quaid-e-Azam University, 1984, p. 135-153, See in Study in
                  Connection with Nomination File of Rohtas Fort for World Heritage List.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                10. Nizam-ud-Din Ahmad, Khwaja: Taqat-e- Akbari, Vol.2; translated from Persian
                  to Urdu by Muhammad Ayub Qadiri. \u2013 1st ed. – Lahore: Urdu Science Board,
                  1990, p. 105, 107, 354, 376, 413, 422, 432-33, 456.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                11. Punjab Government: Punjab Dist. Gazetteers (Vol. XXVII, A, 1904):- Lahore:
                  The \u201c Civil and Military Gazetteer Press, p. 5, 7, 13, 30-34, 37,38, 67,68,69,70,71.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                12. Qanungo, Kalikaranjan: Sher Shah: A critical study based on original sources. –
                  Calcutta: Kar, Majumder and Co., 1921, p. 234-35, 404-06.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                13. Stein, Sir Aurel: Archaeological Reconnaissances in North-Western India and
                  South-Eastern Iran. \u2013 London: Macmillan and Co., 1937, p.22.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                14. Study in Connection with NOMINATION FILE OF ROHTAS FORT for World
                  Heritage List, 1997 comprising on articles of Prominent Scholars such as ;
                  I.H.Nadiem, Dr. Abdul Rehman and Niel Gutschow etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                15. UNESCO: Pakistan: Nomination of world Heritage Site No. 586, Qila Rohtas
                  (Site Development and Management Plan). \u2013 UNESCO World Heritage Centre,
                  1997.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                16. Urdu Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol.VII (Djim-Harb). \u2013 Lahore: The University of
                  the Punjab. \u2013 1971, p. 556, 557.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                17. Wheeler, R.E.M.: Five thousand years of Pakistan (An Archaeological outline). –
                  London: Royal India and Pakistan Society, 1950, p. 74-75.
                  ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA: (ANNUAL REPORTS)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                18. Spooner, D.B.: Archaeological Survey of India Annual Report 1921-22. – Simla:
                  Government of India Press, 1924, p. 4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                19. Spooner, D.B.: Archaeological Survey of India Annual Report 1922-23. – Simla:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                  Government of India Press, 1924, p. 10.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    \n
                  1. Blakiston, J.F.: Archaeological Survey of India Annual report 1924-25. – Calcutta:
                    Government of India, 1927, p. 169.
                    ANNUAL REPORTS OF NORTHERN CIRCLE OF ARCHAEOLOGY,
                    OLD FORT, LAHORE.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  2. West Pakistan Circle of Archaeology Report for 1947-60, p. 71-72.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  3. Annual Report of Northern Circle of Archaeology for the year 1978-79, Lahore:
                    1980, P: 12-13.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  4. Annual Progress Report on the Activities of the Northern Circle of Archaeology
                    Lahore: July, 1978- June, 1981. p. 10-12.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  5. Progress Report of Northern Circle of Archaeology Punjab Region.1988-89.P. 1-2<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  6. Annual Progress Report of Northern Circle of Archaeology, Lahore1993-94.P. 17.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  7. Annual Progress Report of Northern Circle of Archaeology, Lahore1994-95.P. 40(2
                    photographs).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  8. Annual Progress Report of Northern Circle of Archaeology, Lahore1995-96.P. 46(2
                    photographs).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  9. Annual Progress Report of Northern Circle of Archaeology, Lahore1999-2000.P.
                    13.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  10. Annual Progress Report of Northern Circle of Archaeology, Lahore.2001-2002.P. 9.
                    P.C.1s, OF ROHTAS FORT<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  11. P.C. – 1 Scheme for Restoration and Preservation of Rohtas Fort, District Jehlum
                    1990-91. \u2013 Lahore: Department of Archaeology, 1990-91.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  12. Establishment of Museum at Rohtas Fort (Sohail Gate), District Jehlum. \u2013 Lahore:
                    Department of Archaeology, 1995.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  13. Master Plan for Preservation and Restoration of ROHTAS FORT, District Jehlum.
                    \u2013 Lahore: Department of Archaeology and Museums, Northern Circle, Old Fort,
                    Lahore, 2005.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  14. Survey of Abadi Deh, QILA ROHTAS, District Jehlum. \u2013 Jehlum: Office of the
                    Deputy Commissioner, 1999.
                    Progress Report of the Superintendent, Archaeological Survey of
                    India, Muhammadan and British Monuments,
                    Northern Circle, 1916-17.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  15. Blackiston, J.F.: Progress report of the Superintendent, Archaeological Survey of
                    India, Muhammadan and British Monuments, Northern Circle for the year ending
                    31st March 16-17, Part – I. \u2013 Allahabad Superintendent, Government Press, 1921, p.
                    3(c. 9 Conservation Note) .<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  16. Blackiston, J.F.: Progress report of the Superintendent, Archaeological Survey of
                    India, Muhammadan and British Monuments, Northern Circle for the year ending
                    31st March 17-18, Part- III. \u2013 Allahabad Superintendent, Government Press, 1921,
                    p. 58.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  17. Blackiston, J.F.: Progress report of the Superintendent, Archaeological Survey of
                    India, Muhammadan and British Monuments, Northern Circle for the year ending
                    31st March 18-19, Part- I. \u2013 Allahabad Superintendent, Government Press, 1921, p.
                    80, 97,( Part-III Appendix -A)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  18. Page, J.A.: Progress report of the Superintendent, Archaeological Survey of India,
                    Muhammadan and British Monuments, Northern Circle for the year ending 31st
                    March 1921, ( Part \u2013 III Appendix-A), \u2013 Agra Superintendent, Government Press,
                    1921, p. 23.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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                    \n\t\t\t\t
                    \n\t\t\t\t
                    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                    Master Planning for the conservation of Rohtas Fort as per international standards has been madepossible by the co-operation and very valuable advice of all those who are involved in thepreservation and maintenance of this prestigious monument. The sheer number of theseindividuals and specialist organizations who have contributed in one way or the other isextensive. It […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":3052,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2152","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-projects"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hwf.org.pk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2152","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hwf.org.pk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hwf.org.pk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hwf.org.pk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hwf.org.pk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2152"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/hwf.org.pk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2152\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3062,"href":"https:\/\/hwf.org.pk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2152\/revisions\/3062"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hwf.org.pk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/3052"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hwf.org.pk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2152"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hwf.org.pk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2152"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hwf.org.pk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2152"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}